Essay on A Modern Interpretation of Romeo and Juliet

When you hear the words â€Å"Romeo and Juliet†, what comes to your mind? For most people, the mention of these names brings about images of young people declaring their love from balconies and defying fate to be together. Romeo and Juliet is certainly a story of youthful romance. However, the first-time reader will often miss the underlying ideas that the writer only hints at over the course of this play. To fail to realize the subtle political and social themes within the plot is to fail to understand the author’s full intentions. Shakespeare uses complex characterization and pervasive symbols to describe life during the Victorian era. Romeo and Juliet, which was written in 1597 by William Shakespeare, tells the story of two young people,†¦show more content†¦However, Romeo and Juliet’s sweet love story takes a tragic turn that afternoon. Romeo’s closest friend, Mercutio, is killed by Juliet’s cousin Tybalt in a street fight. In retaliat ion, Romeo stabs Tybalt and is sentenced to exile in Mantua. Juliet is distraught over both the death of her cousin and the exile of her husband. She tells the nurse her plan to sneak Romeo into her room before he leaves. Romeo is so upset at his separation from Juliet that he tries to kill himself, but the nurse and Friar Lawrence convince him that they will find a way to reunite him and Juliet. However, that evening Juliet’s father tells Count Paris that Juliet will marry him in three days. After Romeo departs for Mantua the following morning, Juliet learns that she is expected to marry Paris, and screams in objection at her father, who responds by declaring that she will be married in only two days’ time. Juliet goes to Friar Lawrence and asks him to help her find a way out of marrying Paris. Friar Lawrence gives her a potion that will give her the appearance of sleep, and plans for her parents to bring her to the family tomb and reunite her with her husband. Howeve r, the messenger that goes to tell Romeo of the Friar’s plan is prevented from his destination because he was quarantined for the plague. When Romeo hears of Juliet’s apparent death, Romeo buys poison from a poor apothecary and goes back to the Capulet, where he fights and kills Paris. Before Juliet wakes upShow MoreRelatedRomeo And Juliet, The Balcony Scene : As Interpreted By Franco Zeffirelli And Baz Luhrmann1415 Words   |  6 PagesRomeo and Juliet, The Balcony Scene: as interpreted by Franco Zeffirelli and Baz Luhrmann William Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet, debatably one of the most famous love stories of all, has many film versions which have interpreted this well-known, beloved story of love in a plethora of ways. Two of the more notable film versions of this love story are Franco Zeffirelli’s 1968 version and Baz Luhrmann’s 1997 version. Zeffirelli’s version takes place in the 16th century in Verona, Italy, just as theRead MoreComparison of Two Film Versions of Romeo and Juliet Essay733 Words   |  3 PagesVersions of Romeo and Juliet Shakespeare’s play ‘Romeo and Juliet’ was made into a film by two different directors. Baz Luhrmann’s to Franco Zeffirelli’s interpretation of Romeo and Juliet were very distinct and they both appeal to different age group audiences. Franco Zeffirelli’s version was the first film of Romeo and Juliet. It was produced in 1968 and it was quiet typical, exactly what the audience would have expected the film of ‘Romeo and Juliet’ to be. UnlikeRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Romeo And Juliet967 Words   |  4 Pagestoday I will be exploring the human relationship of love in modern interpretations of ‘Romeo and Juliet’ written by William Shakespeare. Shakespearean time was between the middle Ages and the Industrial Revolution and it was branded by religious changes. William Shakespeare is widely known as the greatest dramatist of all time. Born April 1564, Shakespeare’s play ‘Romeo and Juliet’ is no doubt one of his most famous pieces. ‘Romeo and Juliet’ was first published in 1597 and its tragic story of bannedRead MoreRomeo and Juliet Comparative Essay780 Words   |  4 PagesRomeo and Juliet, written by William Shakespeare, is a tragic love story about two young lovers who are forced to be estranged as a result of their feuding families. The play is about their struggle to contravene fate and create a future together. A s such, it was only a matter of time before Hollywood would try and emulate Shakespeare’s masterpiece. This had been done before in many films. Prominent among them were, Franco Zeffirelli’s 1968 â€Å"Romeo and Juliet† and Baz Luhrmann’s 1996 â€Å"William Shakespeare’sRead MoreInterpretation of the Balcony Scene by Baz Luhrmann and Franco Zeffirelli of William Shakespreares Romeo and Juliet1032 Words   |  5 PagesInterpretation of the Balcony Scene by Baz Luhrmann and Franco Zeffirelli of William Shakespreares Romeo and Juliet â€Å"Romeo and Juliet† is a famous love story written by William Shakespeare. Two interpretations were made of this text into a film by the two directors, Baz Luhrmann (1996) and Franco Zeffirelli (1968). The films use different types of media to portray the characters and the overall context of Shakespeare’s play. I will be focusing on Act two Scene ii (the balconyRead MoreTwo Film Versions of Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet1320 Words   |  6 PagesRomeo and Juliet is a timeless, classic love story written by the incomparable William Shakespeare. Many of Shakespeare’s works are considered literary classics, but none are more loved than Romeo and Juliet. This play masterfully tells the love story of two teenagers in Elizabethan England. The title characters Romeo and Juliet are members of two feuding families, Romeo is a Montague and Juliet is a Capulet. There are different stylistic ways of portraying Romeo and Juliet, and the two most popularRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Romeo And Juliet1186 Words   |  5 PagesWhen discussing classic love stories, William Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet is often included in the conversation. The tragic story of the â€Å"star-crossed lovers† (Shakespeare 6) is taught in high schools and studied in colleges. Its poetry has graced many stages and silver scre ens. Romeo and Juliet is also often reimagined for a modern audience. One such interpretation is West Side Story. Written by Stephen Sondheim, it made its Hollywood debut in 1961 under directors Jerome Robbins and RobertRead MoreComparing the Starts of Two Film Versions of Romeo and Juliet1744 Words   |  7 PagesFilm Versions of Romeo and Juliet Romeo and Juliet is a timeless, classical love story written by the unmatched author, William Shakespeare. Many of Shakespeare’s works are considered literary classics, but none are more loved, well known than Romeo and Juliet. This play masterfully tells the love story of two teenagers in Verona, Italy. The title characters, Romeo and Juliet, are members of two feuding families. Romeo is a Montague and Juliet is a Capulet. ThereRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Romeo And Juliet1124 Words   |  5 PagesShakespeare on Love – A Response to Baz Luhrmann’s Romeo + Juliet Omid Jafari English September 10, 2015 Shakespeare on Love – a Response to Baz Luhrmann’s Romeo + Juliet To assess Baz Luhrmann s use of setting in his film, Romeo + Juliet, we can begin by contrasting the film with the play as it was originally performed in the 16th-century theatre. The key difference between the manner in which the film and the play deal with location is that the film is primarily an image-intensive mediumRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Romeo And Juliet1209 Words   |  5 PagesMorning/Afternoon Miss Rigby, Romeo and Juliet displays the the nature of love and the reason for its destruction. It is the most common story to associate with love, it has been adapted to film multiple times, even within a modern setting. Within the play lies many different themes, two of which I will analyse today which are love and hate. The deepest principles in human nature are hate and love, these two contrasting emotions are key in understanding Romeo and Juliet. It s a play which dates back

Youth Violence Essay - 707 Words

Youth Violence Violence is a learned behavior. Children often experience violence for the first time in their lives in their homes or in the community. This first taste of violence may include their parents, family members or their friends. Studies have shown that children who witness violent acts, either as a victim or as a victimizer, are more likely to grow up to become involved in violence. During our second weekend class, we talked specifically about violence and youth. For many young people who have already developed a pattern of violent behavior, the probability that this way of life will endure into their adult lives is very likely. I believe that aggression is often learned very early in a childs life. For the growing†¦show more content†¦Parents or other adult peers who present themselves as positive role models, may lay the foundation that is needed to enable the child to begin to build the cornerstones of his conscience and strong moral development. This will hopefully b e the basis for a childs ability to learn and use nonaggressive and more appropriate ways to solve problems. Children have minds of their own. As they begin to mature, their newfound independence will sometimes lead them to misbehave in various ways. A parents patience(or lack of) as they interact daily with their children is crucial. Hitting, slapping or spanking a child as punishment often sends the message that it is okay to hit others to solve problems. A more productive approach may be to help the child figure out what they did wrong and show them how to learn from their mistakes. Kids need to understand the reasoning behind our rules and they need to feel that they can correct these mistakes if they do make them. No matter what the child has done, he needs to know that your love for him/her is unconditional. It is vitally important for your children to witness the display of appropriate behaviors in the way you act, as well as other adults that are prominent in their live s. Children most often learn by example. They need structure in their lives including clear expectations for behaviors-theirs as well as others. It is important for parents to make rules and to stick to them. ThisShow MoreRelatedViolence in Youth1171 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction Youth violence is defined as violent behaviour that begins early in life and continues throughout subsequent stages of life. Youth violence may include physical and emotional harm, and minor crimes, escalating to murder (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2013). Youth are recognized as being between the ages of twelve and twenty-four however, teens are the most affected by violence than any other group of youths as they are habitually perceived as the most violent age groupRead MoreInterventions to Decrease Youth Violence846 Words   |  3 Pages Youth violence has been a wide spread problem for many years. There have been many studies done to help find ways of intervention to help decrease the rates of youth violence. Though, it may not seem like it, but right now youth violence is at its all-time low, â€Å"although overall rates of youth violence have declined since the mid-1990s, rates of some forms of youth aggression, violence, and crime remain high. National data r eveal that, each year, about 15 percent of high school youth are involvedRead MoreThe Effects Of Violence On Youth Violence Essay959 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction: Violence is everywhere and due to this notion people find ways to accept it. Violence is part of the national mythology. Meaning violence is a social construction. Violent acts cannot be wholly understood unless we examine them as but one â€Å"one link in the chain of a long process of events† (Schmidt Schrà ¶der 2001, 7). Violence and the responses to it are socially constructed, they are phenomena viewed and interpreted in many different ways. For example, individuals become a productRead More Youth Violence Essay597 Words   |  3 Pages Youth Violence nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Ever since the terrible tragedy at Columbine High School, there has been a numerous list of recent school shootings in America. Youth violence is a major issue in today’s society. Many people dread what causes adolescents to be so violent, committing horrible crimes.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;There are many wonders that go around about why young adolescents commit such violent crimes. These questions vary from why kidsRead More Youth Violence Essay1223 Words   |  5 Pages Youth Violence   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Youth violence is an escalating problem in American society today. There are many different factors that can be blamed for this problem. During the last decade of the twentieth century people began searching for answers to this dilemma which is haunting America. Many tragic school shootings have taken place within the last decade that have gained the attention of the public. As of now, no one can give the right answer to the problem or the reason that it happens because thereRead MoreViolence Among Youth3553 Words   |  15 Pagesgreat nation. In India, 480 million are less than 19 years old. India has 20% of the world’s children. [1] The recent years have seen an unprecedented increase in youth violence, often lethal violence, all around the nation. Anecdotal evidence of increase in violence by young people against women and old people, of road rage, of violence in schools, and other violent actions to get whatever they want is alarming. This epidemic, as many social analysts called it, caused serious concern to both parentsRead MoreViolence Among Youths2563 Words   |  11 PagesRecently, an increasing number of North American youth are committing violent crimes. Although the consequences of these violent crimes are easily apparent, the causes behind them are often abstract and obscure, making it difficult to pin blame on a single source. Moreover, this deviant behaviour among young people can be attributed to a combination of several generalized factors. Leading contributing factors of youth violence include the media, the influence of family life, widespread abuse ofRead MoreIncreasing Violence Amongst You th1420 Words   |  6 PagesYouth violence is an increasing concern in our society. Violence, as defined in Websters online dictionary, is an intense, turbulent or furious and often destructive action or exertion of (physical) force so as to injure or abuse. There is a growing perception that there is a steady rise in violence amongst todays youth, and with this increased attention, comes many sources of blame for their actions, however, all but one are simply excuses. There is a lack of hard evidence to support theRead MoreYouth Violence And Its Effect On Children1637 Words   |  7 PagesSince the year 2000, youth violence has been one of the biggest concerns in almost every community. In my research I decided to evaluate the study of youth violence. Youth violence is said to start since the early days of childhood and lead onto the teenage years of a child. When talking about youth violence, the child may not only be an offender but they can be a victim of violence as well. Bullying, punching, slapping, kicking, teasing, and verbal abuse are all behaviors and forms of mistreatmentRead MorePersuasive Essay On Youth Violence786 Words   |  4 Pagesone word: violence. It goes on every day. It happens constantly, and it never stops occurring. Violence sways in the air, and even though you don’t notice it, it’s out there. It happens in schools, parks, cities, and even neighborhoods. And since violence is so common, it’s attr acted young-aged people, too, causing them to bully, hurt, and be very mean to their peers. However, no teen can create youth violence at an unexpected point in their life when they don’t know how to be violent. Youth violence

Ancient India-the First Civilization Free Essays

The first people was thought to have reached India from Africa in 40,000 BC. The first civilization started out as hunters and gatherers. Around 4000 BC the Indians started farming. We will write a custom essay sample on Ancient India-the First Civilization or any similar topic only for you Order Now The Indians then moved near the Indus River Valley where they started using irrigation and started building their first cities. The Indians built two main cities that we know of Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro. Both cities are currently located in current Pakistan.The first Indian buildings and houses were built out of stone and were built two to three stories high and they had sewage systems. The Indians built there structures with bronze tools. They learned how to make bronze tools from the Sumerians. The Indians wrote hieroglyphs, same as the ancient Egyptians. By 2000 BC the Harappan civilization had collapsedThe earliest buildings in India were built by the Harappan people the Indus River Valley, in about 2500 BC. Their buildings included high brick walls around their cities to keep out enemies.Among India’s ancient architectural remains, the most characteristic are the temples, Chaityas, Viharas, Stupas and other religious structures. The distinct architectural style of temple construction in different parts was a result of geographical, climatic, ethnic, racial, historical and linguistic diversities. Taj Mahal is regarded as one of the eight wonders of the world. It was built by the Muslim emperor Shah Jahan in Agra, India. Taj Mahal was constructed over a period of twenty-two years, employing twenty thousand workers.It was made entirely of marble. The Taj Mahal incorporates and expands on design traditions of Persian architecture and earlier Mughal architecture. The Indian period is unique in its art, literature and architecture. Indian art is constantly challenged as it rises to the peak of achieving the ideals of one philosophy in a visual form, then begins anew for another. This challenge and revolution in thought ovides, Indian artists with reasons for innovatiion and creation, and the process of visualizing abstract ideas and the culture of the land. Each religion and philosophical system provided its own nuances, vast metaphors and similes, rich associations, wild imaginations, humanization of gods and celestial beings, characterization of people, the single purpose and ideal of life to be interpreted in art. Indian religions are the related religious traditions that originated in the Indian subcontinent, namely Hinduism, Jainism, Buddhism, Sikhism and Ayyavazhi, inclusive of their sub-schools and various related traditions. They form a subgroup of the larger class of â€Å"Eastern religions†.Indian religions have similarities in core beliefs, modes of worship, and associated practices, mainly due to their common history of origin and mutual influence. Buddhism is one the major religions in India. Buddhism as traditionally conceived is a path of salvation attained through insight into the ultimate nature of reality. Buddhism encompasses a variety of traditions, beliefs and practices that are largely based on the teachings of Siddartha Guatama, commonly known as the Buddha (Pali/Sanskrit for â€Å"The Awakened One†). How to cite Ancient India-the First Civilization, Papers

Comparative Essay on the Roles of Women in Religions free essay sample

Christian women and muslim women submitted to their husbands in both the bible and the quran, it states that men and women are equal in the eyes of God/Allah yet they also say men were the heads of the households and women are to obey their husbands. The bible says in ephesians 6:22-24 â€Å"wives, submit to your own husbands as to the lord, for the husband is head of the wife as also Christ is the head of the church. Now as the church submits to Christ, so wives should submit to their husbands in everything† Even the early day of christianity, Adam was superior to Eve because Eve was made from Adam. Christian women obeyed their husbands in the lord just as the muslim women did. With these examples Christianity and Islam were strong patriarchies. Christianity and Islam were patriarchies because in the era in which the religions emerged women were under men so the religions adapted to the cultures they were discovered in. We will write a custom essay sample on Comparative Essay on the Roles of Women in Religions or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page To further explain, most civilizations start out with a bunch of tribes having wars and the winners getting to be in charge of everyone. Since males are physically stronger than females, they win all the fights and therefore get to be in charge. The quran also says, â€Å"Men have authority over women because Allah has made the one superior to the other and because they spend their wealth to maintain them, Good women are obedient. They guard their unseen parts because Allah has guarded them. As for those from whom you fear disobedience, admonish them and send them to the beds apart and beat them. Then if they obey you, take no further action against them†. Muslim women were confined to their homes only being allowed to leave with permission from their male family members. They were lso not allowed to speak in public like christian women were. Also, muslim women could not do or say anything without their spouse’s permission and if they did not have a spouse, that role goes to her father or brother. Other signs of patriarchies were acts such as â€Å"honor killing† of women by their male relatives for violating sexual taboos. Christian women were more active in the church than muslim women, they held title s like prophetess, bishop and apostle. With those titles, they were allowed, public speech by preaching, teaching, leading prayer and sometimes, performing the eucharistic meal. Christian women also played significant roles in group worship. In the bible, women roles seem limited, but due to recent discoveries of ancient texts, we discover that women were one of Jesus first followers. Though they were not granted the title as one of jesus’s twelve disciples, women were very important to Jesus. Mary Magdalene being one of the most significant women in christian history. Mary Magdalene was a friend of Jesus and an apostles of the apostles. She and her sister Mary were the first to discover Jesus’ tomb empty and also two of the women to see him ascend into heaven. Mary magdalene was said to preach the word of God to many people, all of which addressed her as an apostle. It also says in the book of luke in the Bible â€Å"There was also a prophetess, Anna, a daughter of Phanuel, of the tribe Asher. She did not leave the temple complex serving God day and night with fastings and prayers. and to speak about him to all who were looking forward to the redemption of Jerusalem. † These women Anna, Martha and Mary Magdalene were important in the church of God proving that women had prominent roles in the church. Christian women had bigger roles in the church compared to muslim women. The reason being, women of the muslim faith were sometimes confined to practice their religion at home because the second caliph, Umar, asked women to pray homes. Women were asked to pray in their homes because some men saw women as a â€Å"sexually charged threat† things like these were spread through the hadiths - traditions about the sayings or action of mohammed and women being seen as a sexual threat meant they were excluded from the mosque which led them to have lesser roles. Yet a few women had roles in the mosque, such as mullahs, who were female teachers of the word of Allah. No women however, were ever considered prophets or a caliphs at these times. In conclusion, the roles of women of christianity and islam were similar in the aspect that they were both patriarchies but differed when in came to the roles in the church that being because christian women had a much larger impact in the church than muslim women did.

the rock Essays - Knowledge, Belief, Ignorance, Wisdom, Eagle Soars

The Eagle soars in the summit of Heaven, The Hunter with his dogs pursues his circuit. O perpetual revolution of configured stars, O perpetual recurrence of determined seasons, O world of spring and autumn, birth and dying The endless cycle of idea and action, Endless invention, endless experiment, Brings knowledge of motion, but not of stillness; Knowledge of speech, but not of silence; Knowledge of words, and ignorance of the Word. All our knowledge brings us nearer to our ignorance, All our ignorance brings us nearer to death, But nearness to death no nearer to GOD. Where is the Life we have lost in living? Where is the wisdom we have lost in knowledge? Where is the knowledge we have lost in information? The cycles of Heaven in twenty centuries Bring us farther from GOD and nearer to the Dust.

Free Essays on Ecriture Feminine

of our present language it would be unfair to call a dictionary a graveyard. Language is ‘A human system of communication which uses structure vocal sounds and can be embodied in other media such as writing, print and physical signs. Most linguistics currently regard the faculty of language as a defining characteristic of being human.’ Écriture feminine is a mode or style of writing that took form in the late 60’s. It is not a pattern wholly advocated to women as the name might suggest but is a practice of writing that requires openness and multiplicity of a text, something that writers such as Cixous believe difficult to find amongst the work of male writers. Écriture feminine does not have a finite meaning. It allows itself open to various interpretations linking it to Intertextuality. Intertextuality states that the text is not an isolated object but rather a compilation of cultural textuality. ‘Texts have no unity or unified meaning on their own, they are thoroughly connected to an on going cultural and social process’ . Écriture feminine looks at the relationship between writing and subjectivity, sexuality and social change. Through Écriture feminine we cannot view masculine and feminine in the same context as male and female. ‘Female refers to a biological state, feminine refers to a cultural ideology of womanhood and feminist: a mode of social and political thought and action (Toril Moi). In this case the male species can effectively be authors of Écriture feminine and Cixous sees this in writers such as Kleist, Joyce and Genet. It had been until the last century that the pen had been deeply associated with the male, as was all forms of learned behaviour. This way of life gave rise the u... Free Essays on Ecriture Feminine Free Essays on Ecriture Feminine THE QUESTION OF ECRITURE FEMININE AND THE REPRESENTATION OF WOMEN: discuss with examples of close readings from of the texts. ‘Dictionaries are graveyards of language’ . Since dictionaries contain all the words of our present language it would be unfair to call a dictionary a graveyard. Language is ‘A human system of communication which uses structure vocal sounds and can be embodied in other media such as writing, print and physical signs. Most linguistics currently regard the faculty of language as a defining characteristic of being human.’ Écriture feminine is a mode or style of writing that took form in the late 60’s. It is not a pattern wholly advocated to women as the name might suggest but is a practice of writing that requires openness and multiplicity of a text, something that writers such as Cixous believe difficult to find amongst the work of male writers. Écriture feminine does not have a finite meaning. It allows itself open to various interpretations linking it to Intertextuality. Intertextuality states that the text is not an isolated object but rather a compilation of cultural textuality. ‘Texts have no unity or unified meaning on their own, they are thoroughly connected to an on going cultural and social process’ . Écriture feminine looks at the relationship between writing and subjectivity, sexuality and social change. Through Écriture feminine we cannot view masculine and feminine in the same context as male and female. ‘Female refers to a biological state, feminine refers to a cultural ideology of womanhood and feminist: a mode of social and political thought and action (Toril Moi). In this case the male species can effectively be authors of Écriture feminine and Cixous sees this in writers such as Kleist, Joyce and Genet. It had been until the last century that the pen had been deeply associated with the male, as was all forms of learned behaviour. This way of life gave rise the u...

Computer Sciences and Information Technology Essay

Computer Sciences and Information Technology - Essay Example On the other hand, web applications like Google Docs and its updates are always available to the users free of cost. However, web applications lack security which means for doing highly confidential work, application software is always better than web applications. Moreover, web based applications are shared by a number of users and therefore the system loading speeds at a particular moment may depend on the number of users at that moment. Web applications require internet connection and it is impossible to work on web applications while internet connection problems are there. On the other hand, normal software may not have such problems loading speed problems or internet connection problems. I recommend normal software to my company since normal software provides more flexibility to the users and it is difficult for a company to rely fully on web applications for executing its functions because of the safety, loading speed and internet related problems. 2. Mac vs. PC. Mac computers start always faster than PC’s and it opens the files faster than PC’s. Web pages also open faster in Mac computers than in PC’s. Mac computer make use of Motorola processors which are superior in performance than the Intel processors used in the PC’s. ... p publishing works, Mac computers are preferred worldwide because of its superior image handling abilities whereas PC’s are preferred because of its better software compatibility. In short, performance-wise and operational-wise, Mac computers are superior to PC’s even though it is slightly expensive. I would advise Universal Computing to purchase both Mac and PC’s based on the nature of works in each department. 3. Ethics in Action Privacy is a hotly debated topic in the world at present. There are many cases, in which the security agencies monitor the private communications between people. They are doing so for the national interests or for avoiding security threats. The threats from the terrorists are increasing day by day and all communication mediums including electronic media are used by the terrorists. Many of the countries like China, Pakistan, America etc are believed to be engaged in undeclared Cyber-attacks. It is impossible to counter cyber-attacks wit hout censoring the information passed through internet. Under such circumstances, nobody can blame the security agencies if they monitor private messages. Security is more important than privacy in my opinion. The loss of privacy of some people can save the lives of thousands of people and monitoring of communication channels can be ethically justified in that sense. 4. Should the government require that all Web sites meet the W3C accessibility guidelines? It is not necessary that all web sites meet the W3C accessibility guidelines. For example, it is difficult to implement W3C accessibility guidelines to Web sites hosted by disability organizations since these guidelines can cause more barriers in front of the disabled people in accessing web pages. Websites which are designed properly can be handled

Language Learning Autobiography and Pre-Analysis Essay

Language Learning Autobiography and Pre-Analysis - Essay Example At first, this was a very challenging task as I did not have even the basic necessary level of English to understand or implement in my other studies. However . Later I found that ESL was very important for me as it helped me in my learning process. Though I had studied English in Korea, but that was only about basic vocabulary because my teachers there adopted a Grammar Translation approach to teaching language and hence, the focus was on grammar and no emphasis on speaking and listening. Thus, even though I succeeded in putting few sentences together orally, they had poor pronunciation, grammatical errors and repetitive words due to limited vocabulary. This made me realize that apart from the lack of speaking and listening practice , the traditional Korean approach did not work for me because it focused repetition and parroting rather than providing the opportunity of actually using the language. I also noticed that the teaching system , approach and methods here in Canada are very different from that of Korea as language learning here focuses on all four major skills- reading ,writing ,listening and speaking .Also the teaching is more student focused rather than the teacher providing all the input and the student being a passive learner. Here in Canada, I have become more of an autonomous learner and am able to understand how I best study and learn. In other words, I am more aware of my learning styles and patterns that best work for me. ESL curriculum should therefore, emphasize more on training in language learning strategies and help students be more aware of the learning patterns. As an ESL teacher, I would try to ensure my knowledge and ability in all possible ways in which students learn and also try to develop lessons by considering visual, auditory and kinesthetic learners. On reflection, I realized that at first my strategy was to imitate. Although I did not completely understand the teacher’s instructions, I was able to follow by imitating and taking the lead from the peers. The English teacher would usually teach a new language point and then start with class choral work before moving on to formation of small groups, par work and then individual responses. This allowed me the opportunity to imitate the other students and thus not only improve my language knowledge but to improve my pronunciation as well. My experience therefore coincides with the point of view given by Skinner, (cited in Coelho, 2004, p.142) who states that imitation through repetition is important in early stages of acquiring a first language and learning a second language. I l earnt and acquired English not only by study but also by social interaction with teachers and peers (both local and ESL students) which necessitated me to pull on or extract the language I already knew and manipulate it according to the situation in hand. In other words, this interaction provided me an opportunity to use English for communication rather than only for classroom intent. A new culture and totally different curriculum proved difficult initially as was a little apprehensive to so many changes , but due to the help form ESL teachers and proficient English speaking peers , I not only learnt fluent English but I also faired well in other subjects. Thus, as the school and classroom atmosphere worked in my favor, learning and acquiring my second language was not as tough. Vygotsky (cited in Coelho, 2004, p.146) states that when a child is acquiring their first language they learn best by interacting with peers that are at a higher level in language development than themselves they will learn better. He calls this the child’s proximal development zone, which is defined as the level just beyond where the child is at. I now

What can the human resource management department contribute to the Assignment

What can the human resource management department contribute to the development of successful leadership within an organization - Assignment Example Man creates or overlooks opportunities and scenarios. Hence, people power is considered the most significant and dominant factor of all the resources available to an organization. In this regard, the essay aims to determine what the human resource management department can contribute to the development of successful leadership within an organization. The discourse would initially define relevant terms that would be used in the paper including human resources management, leadership, competencies, and the difference between behavioral and functional approaches to job performance. Definition of Terms Martires (2004) defined human resources management as â€Å"the art and science of acquiring, motivating, maintaining, and developing people in their jobs in light of their personal, professional, and technical knowledge, skills, potentials, needs and values and in synchronization with the achievement of individual, organization and society’s goals† (p. 6). Human resources dep artments in some organizations are subsumed in another department or it may be a separate department itself. As one of the primary functions of human resources management (HRM), development of human resources require the registration, tracing, and insuring of all personnel’s progress through continued job proficiency, career growth and guidance. Competencies are upgraded and expertise is developed in this broadening phase of people management. By competencies, the definition provided by Boyatzis (1982) is most appropriate: â€Å"an underlying characteristic of an employee (i.e., a motive, trait, skill, aspects of one’s selfimage, social role, or a body of knowledge) which results in effective and/or superior performance† (Cited in USOPM, 1999, p. 7). Likewise, leadership has been defined as the process of influencing people to work or act towards the attainment of specifically defined goals (Martires & Fule, 2000, p. 569). On the other hand, that Ken Valenzuela, the Chief Editor for BeALeader.Net collected various definitions of leadership: â€Å"Leadership is a process whereby an individual influences a group of individuals to achieve a common goal† (Northouse, 2004). His own definition is hereby presented as â€Å"the ability of developing and communicating a vision to a group of people that will make that vision true† (Kenneth Valenzuela, 2007). Authors Lussier & Achua (2004) define leadership as â€Å"the influencing process of leaders and followers to achieve organizational objectives through changes† (Lussier & Achua, 2004). There are different types of leaders depending on the personality of the leader and subordinates and the situation. Different leadership theories stipulate diverse leadership styles, such as: the behavioral approach (autocratic, democratic and laissez faire leaders); there is the task-oriented versus people-oriented leaders; and contemporary theories present the emergence of transformational leaders and servant leadership styles. Leadership and Management Development The article published by the US OPM revealed trends in HRM that focus on the rise of competencies where leadership and management development begin to assume more challenging roles in light of the changing forces affecting HRM in contemporary organizations. The trends that were revealed are hereby summed as â€Å"

Relationship between Architecture and Fashion

Relationship between Architecture and Fashion The body can be seen and thought of as a machine, a vehicle, as well as a building. Therefore it could be stated that dressing of an individual provides a definition of personal space as do architectural structures though they are bigger in scale. Fashion and architecture have many connections: they both aim to make shelter for the human being and reflect our taste. In this concept, it is widely accepted that fashion and architecture relation started with the earliest men who used the same material for their clothing and for housing/shelter. This relationship has lead closer connections between the two disciplines, such as, both fields have commonalities in their design process which makes them share the same boundaries: Both architects and fashion designers aim to create perfect, comfortable and beautiful forms for the human body. On the other hand, Architecture and Fashion differ in many ways, such as, Fashion is inevitable to die in shorter time than architecture, it is related to smaller scale, and most importantly, Fashion is more about marketing and consumption while Architecture is monumental and relates to eternity. These differences altogether create a thread of commodification and commercialisation for Architecture. Architecture acts as a shaper of space, i.e., it acts as a symbolic metaphor and an agent of the societys cultural values. Since the outer space reflects our inner spaces, this commodification and commercialisation might lead Architecture to lose its mission in the social life. Therefore this work suggests that Architecture should get engaged in human spaces, traditions and cultural values of the society, sustainability, eternity, and wholeness of the life, rather than temporality of fashion. This Masters Dissertation aims to explore the relationship between Architecture and Fashion from conceptual, imagery, materiality and global perspectives. This study proposes that in todays highly globalised world, it is almost impossible to practice architecture separate from fashion since both arts are responsive to the individuals and the societies culture and environment. In a conceptual sense, both Architecture and Fashion address psychological perceptions, and spatial structures. From the imagery visual view of point, both arts reflect the taste of the individuals who occupy those spaces, and from the materiality context, Architecture and Fashion have many in common, such as, use of fabrics and materials, use of technology, and from the global point of view, both arts and artists in these fields have an opportunity to interact closely with each other in especially socially responsive, more sustainable, and economical design. The work sets out to explore the role of Fashion in Architectural design and visa verse from exploratory and interpretive perspectives, presenting preliminary findings from the literature survey, visual materials, manifestos of the designers, and personal observations and interpretations. This study differs from the previous studies in the sense that although much of the literature finds out that the relation between Fashion and Architecture is almost a must and inevitable occurrence, and they propose closer relationships, this study proposes that this fact creates a risk for Architecture to depart from conceptualisation and to move towards commercialism and commodification. In this way, architecture becomes a consumer production, rather than the interpretation of the space. This thesis is further developed to design our Fashionable Hut. Architecturally, we aim to represent the timeless architecture tailored according to the timeliness of the contemporary era. Introduction The close relationship between Architecture and Fashion (hereafter AF) is often referred to the use of the same material for covering of his body and for building shelter of the earliest man. The recent exhibition on this relationship Skin + Bones (24 April 10 August 2008) has also explored several parallel practices between these two disciplines from 1980s to onwards. These practices included digital design process, use of complex geometry, colours, lines, lights, etc. Globalisation, which is widely accepted as the advancements in technology, particularly transportation and communication means, enabled both AF to develop more possibilities in design and flexibility in application. Thus one of the aims of this dissertation is to explore the common characteristics and interrelation between Architecture and Fashion in a global concept. In fact, this idea has arisen from the observation of parallel growth of materiality and identification in fashion and architecture designs and impleme ntations. On the other hand, as this masters dissertation main argument suggests, these close synergies between the two disciplines might create the risk of commodification and commercialisation in architecture and rather than an ideology, architecture might become a consumer product. The reason for this idea is that fashion is marketing of desire while architecture is monumental; fashion is destined to die in a short time, while architects aim eternity via their opuses; and most importantly, fashion is a tool for joining to the society, being a part of it while architecture provides privacy, i.e. isolation from the rest of the world. Our main argument is that, the close relationship between AF, could create a risk for architecture reducing the architectural ideology to the cladding and exterior picture, only. Regarding to the relation between AF, we take conceptual, visual-imagery, and contemporary age of globalisation approaches to explore the synergetic and disharmonious relation between the two fields. In the conceptual exploration, the concepts of beauty and its relation to architecture will be first explored in order to find out fashions and architectures common aim to create the beautiful or perfect shelter and dwelling for the human being. From the conceptual point of view, both AF reflects the taste, identity, and culture of the individual and the society at a given period. However, this period is greatly short for Fashion compared to the eternity of architecture. If style is the language of architecture, fashion represents the wide and swirling-cultural currents that shape and direct that language says Rybczynski, architectural reputation, as well as architecture comes on the fashions sway. Therefore, at its most basic, the mission of architecture is application of a style on a space in order to express our taste. On the identity side, the fashion system, as described by Barthes (1983, 277) is a cultural object, with its own original structure, and probably, with a new finality through the language which henceforth takes charge of it, Fashion becomes narrative. Therefore fashion manipulates the visual language as a means of reflecting the identity of individuals in specific, and the culture of the society in general while architecture, in a broader sense goes beyond manipulating the visual language, but is more sophisticated in terms of manipulating the concept of the whole space. Fashion is somewhat a reflection of the collective identity of a given group, such as, same gender, age group, occupational group, and so on, while architecture is for everyone in a given society. While fashion is shaped by the individuals, architecture shapes the society through the spatial applications. In sum, fashion can be described as the wall of the body while architecture is the body itself and the dwelling s urrounding that body. On the visual and imagery approach, AF share more in common, especially with the developments in material and digital techniques, such as, high tech textiles, pliable building materials, computer assisted design (CAD) software, and all that. One commonly observed contemporary fact that architecture and fashion are both enjoying the use of pliable and flexible materials which enables architects, such as, Zaha Hadid and Rem Koolhass to borrow pleating techniques from the fashion designers and fashion designers, such as, Lucy Orta and Yeohlee Teng borrowing from the concept of urban space and durability from architects However, these borrowings today are observed so frequently that it holds a danger for architecture to be reduced to surface, and the harmony between the outer and inner of the structure is almost lost (this will be further explored and discussed in the globalisation concept). From the contemporary view, several issues will be explored: It can be said that contemporary era conditions, such as, computer aided designs, flexible and durable materials, technology and communication means which are available almost to everyone in the world as pushing factors Fashion, Architecture and other science and art branches interact better than those in the past. The contemporary era is, of course, not without problems: environmental issues, limited sources (such as energy and water), global warming, immigration and civil rights, and so on. Hereof, it is observed that contemporary era[1] designers should be more socially responsible and interact in these issues more. That is to say, design should not be consumed so fast, designers should act more environmental conscious and socially responsive, sameness in global cities might create a catastrophe, commodification and commercialisation should be avoided, the harmony between the inner and outer surfaces and dwellings should not be avoided. If these cannot be done because of the mass media and mass production, than fashioning the architecture is inevitable which is represented in our Fashionable Hut. From a simple viewpoint, the role of fashion within architecture is persistent especially on the surfaces and faades, finishes, and appliqus. The purpose of this investigation is to object to the typical relationship between FA. The position of this thesis is that architecture should go back to its earliest form. This idea is further developed with the design component which attempts to build a wearable space in order to change the surface easily in line with clothing fashion. The architectural investigation centres on the question: can architecture be fashioned rather than conceptualised? The rest of the work is catalogued as follows. Dissertation Statement In todays ever changing environment art fields and designers are influenced by each other. However, when it comes the Fashion and Architecture interactions this relationship goes back as early as the Ice Age. This dissertation explores three dimensions of AF interactions with special interest on the African influence on Modernity: cultural, visual-imagery and global concept where each of these will conduct individual sections throughout the work. Objectives Fashion and Architecture have many parallels in terms of their objectives and use of scales in addition to use of colours, angles, light, etc. The aim of this dissertation is twofold: to understand the relationship between AF from the past practices and to design a structure representing the timelessness of the architecture compared to the short life of fashion. Methodology As for many arts and humanity studies, the nature of this dissertation is a qualitative one. Thus, data will be collected through sources, such as designers works, websites, and interviews in addition to analysis of exhibitions, collections, designs, and structures. Background: Origins In the clich form, the relationship between these two disciplines back to the earliest mans use of the same materials for sheltering himself and for covering his body. At its most simplistic description, construction started with the earliest man building a shelter for him and so did the started when he covered his body (with the same material). The evolution of this interaction, mainly from Sempers view of point will be discussed in the theoretical chapter of this work. For the time being, we first aim to distinguish fashion from clothing and architecture from construction by referring to their meanings. The word fashion comes from the Latin word facia meaning to make or a particular make or shape (Kawamura, 2005, p. 3). Although fashion is mostly used to express clothing trends, especially, womens clothing[1] however, in a broader term (and for the purpose of this study) it refers to the rapid changes in trends that occurred especially after the nineteenth-century industrialization as a result of the developments in producing new fashion quickly and somehow inexpensively. Fashion constructs desire, and it is a momentary process. Architecture, on the other hand, is not simply making or shaping the structure, as Colomina defines it architecture is the interpretation of the space. It is an experiential, interpretative and critical, consequence. Therefore architecture is a monumentary conceptual, ideological, and philosophical process which constructs vision in contrast to fashions visual aspects. AF interaction starts in a way of displaying the identity of an individual and creating the perfect spatial surface and structure, both fields share the idea of the human body and on ideas of space, volume, and movement and as well because both are a layer that communicates between the environment and body with the ability to convey identity on the personal, political, cultural and other levels within life and society . In linguistic terms, fashion could be described as the visualization of the image identity that the users want to reflect to the society. This identity is not necessarily to be the real identity of the person; it is rather about what we want the society to think about us, but not really what we are in real life. Taking architecture as a language defined by Jencks, contemporarily, architecture could be both defined as the visualization of our REAL identities, and identity does not change as often as fashion trends do. However, as we conceive of it today (and for the purpose of this study), architecture is an experiential, critical, and interpretative practice rather than being about construction only. Therefore it dates back to the Greek Mythology of the Labyrinth (BC 3) where Daedalus who built the Cretan Labyrinth is regarded as the first architect. Nevertheless, be due to the interpretative nature of architecture, contrary to the myth, Daedalus was not the first architect since he built the labyrinth but did not understand its structure, Ariadne who interpreted the structure with the help of a device (a thread) should be regarded as the first architect (Colomina,). Fashion, on the other hand, developed in a different manner, while architecture aimed to shape the society, fashion was shaped by the society itself. In fact, apart from clothing as an ordinary definition, fashion started only in the AD 1700s in line with the merchant capitalism and accelerated during and after the Industrial Revolut ion since the working class could effort to compete with the upper class in terms of clothing and dressing up [2]. Therefore, from the historical perspective, we can talk about the links between AF only relating the period after the 18th C. But, what drove such a relationship? In other words, how did architecture collide in the realms of fashion, or vice-versa? Next section aims to answer these questions in order to maintain a theoretical background to our criticism regarding to todays condition. Conceptuality Architectural history, it turns out, was ideally situated to deal with the double connotation of fashion as the history of clothing styles and the more specific use of fashion to designate the process of change peculiar to capitalism. Because architects active around the turn of the last century were concerned directly with dress-either as an effort to reform modern appearance or as part of the scenography of interiors-and because they were deeply engaged with the temporal problematic of creating a modern style, their debates betray an interesting conflation of clothing as artifact and fashion as process, which in other fields has created ambiguity. To this they brought a theoretical heritage concerned with the origins or primordial basis of architecture as a fabrication of enclosure, shelter, or dwelling; analogies to covering the body were standard, and textiles were postulated to have played a crucial role. Dress design has been an aspect . In fact, the closest relation between AF might be stated as to create the absolutely beautiful structures and spaces for the body. In order to interpret the space, as an architect, one should experience it, and the centre of the experiential world is the human body. Our bodies and movements are in constant interaction with the environment; the world and the self inform and redefine each other constantly . Then, is the mission of fashion to provide the most suitable and comfortable coverings for the body to sense the space? While the importance of body (as proportion, movement, etc.) was emphasised by Vitruvius in the BC20s, it was only in 1900s when corset was abolished from fashion, and more recent, in 1960s that (feminist) women argued dressing in a manner of unrestricting their actual movements. While the body and architecture and the body and fashion are so close, on the one hand, as Wigley emphasizes, architects tried to escape from the temporality and futility of fashion (represented as feminine ornaments in architecture) during the Modern Era, by their judgment that fashion (represented in ornament in architecture) is something feminine and ugly, on the other, many of those (male architects) Henry Van de Velde, Josef Hoffmann, Lilly Reich, Frank Lloyd Wright or their wives (Anna Muthesius, Lilli Behrens) designed clothes. Others, notably Otto Wagner, Adolf Loos, and Hermann Muthesius, wrote about fashion . In order to understand this paradox, Kinney proposes to understand the post-modernism first. However, in a reductionist way, we will follow the historical manner. The metaphor of human body as an architectural space is not a new concept; or it is not a concept that appeared only in the Modernism intervals, it can be traced as back as Vitruvius[3] who explored the body as a proportion to the structure. According to Vitruvius, no building can be said to be well designed which wants symmetry and proportion. In truth they are as necessary to the beauty of a building as to that of a well formed human figure, which nature has so fashioned (De Architectura, Gwilt Translation, 1826, p. 78)[4]. In order to create the rhythm, buildings should be designed according to three correlated elements: utilitas, venustas, and firmitas[5] (Rasmussen, 1959). So, as to Vitruvius, architectural design should refer to the unquestionable perfection of the bodys symmetry and proportions[6]. Even so, The issue of beauty had been problematic for Vitruvius. On the one hand he made allusions to the harmonic ratios of Pythagorean musical theory, suggesting there was a higher cosmic order underlying the judgment of beauty. On the other hand he gave architects the right to vary proportions if the eye calls for corrections, or as the arts make progress . As the perfect beauty is rarely found in the nature, thus ornament, as the mediating element between raw nature (materials) and the ordering lines of the architecture (Mallgrave op cit) was needed. This mediating element between the raw nature (body) and the perfect look is clothing and accessories in the fashion sense. As Ruskin states, this ornamentation should be whatever God has created, such as, abstract lines and the whole range of systemized organic and inorganic forms . Nonetheless, after rediscovery of Vitruvius in the 15th C, people interpreted him according to their own way be due to language obstacles , the fashionable ornamental excesses of the Rococo and in the medievalism of the Gothic and especially in the Renaissance Era, architectural ornament heavily relied on the human figures. 18th C is marked as this heavily use of ornament (specifically human figures, Laugier (1755) was responded only in the Modernist Era. Dont let us be profuse in ornaments, let us put much plain, something negligent, with the elegant and magnificent, let us pass in common from the negligent to the plain, from the simple to the elegant, from the elegant to the magnificent: Sometimes let us go briefly from one extreme to the other through opposition, the boldness of which strikes the fight and may produce very grand . This heavily reliance of ornament should have been in a way that would not a dilemma between the ornament use and refute which probably best reflected by Winckelmann[7] (1755). Once he stated that sameness or monotony as defects in architecture which result building without decoration and is like a healthy person who is reduced to poverty, something no one looks upon as a good thing, then later he proposed that beauty is represented by simplicity and serenity, (mainly by the Grecian designers). The Greeks alone seem to have thrown forth beauty as a potter makes his pot (because Greeks were close to the nature and they had copied it) which he calls this beauty as noble (Lefaivre Tzonis, 2004, pp. 369-370). While Winckelmann was somehow vague between the ornamented and simplified beauty, his contemporary, and main challenger -Italian architect- Giovanni Battista Piranesi was clear about absolute beauty which came as the concept of sublime placed above beauty in the hierarchy . From an architectural view, Piranesi supported heavily ornamented late-empire Roman architecture in opposition to the rigorists . Similarly, Owen Jones who is regarded as one of the most influential design theorists and architects of the 19th C believes that ornament and proportion should serve for the architectural perfection. In his words: construction should be decorated As in every perfect work of Architecture a true proportion will be found to reign between all the members which compose it, so throughout the Decorative Arts every assemblage of forms should be arranged on certain definite proportions; the whole and each particular member should be a multiple of some simple unit every ornament arises quietly and naturally from the surface decorated. . That is to say, the ideal beauty till the 18th C was represented by proportion, symmetry, and rhythm which were found in the human body, naturally. In the short space of a single section of such a humble study, one can say little about the wide gamut of the whole debate of beauty, ornament, nature, and all the above issues reviewed above[8]. Rather, we intend to provide a short background to the closer relationship between clothing and architecture with special reference to Sempers Theory of Dressing, Sullivans nude buildings, and Loos absolute rejection of ornament in bodies and buildings altogether created fundamental changes in clothing and style[9], too in the Modern Era. Identity Gottfried Semper, who broke the Vitruvian high ideals by his Four Elements of Architecture, could be regarded as the first who directly pointed out the AF connection though arguably he might have led reducing architecture to the wall and roof by emphasizing only the application of the evolution theory to these structures. According to Semper, idea of the wall evolved from the sequence of spatial enclosures and the stages of the evolution were: primitive screen or woven mat, then metal sheathing and, eventually, carpets, whose colourful images were applied to the surface of masonry building to evoke a sentiment of monumentality. Further, Semper developed his Theory of Dressing aimed two aspects: first, to underline the importance of the textile industry in the origins of architecture and second, Semper was concerned with the difficulty involved in the artistic use of iron in monumental architecture . . Among them Viennese Architect Otto Wagner examined the relationship between architecture and fashion both in theory and practice . However, his contemporary, Adolf Loos is most known for his interest in fashion (as taking Sempers ideals further and implementing them) and absolute rejection and obsession with the ornament in the human body and in buildings. It must be noted here that, while primitivism referred to simplicity and purism for Semper, however, Loos took it as uncivilized world (for him Papuans referencing Africa). He (Loos) stressed that the more ornament the human being uses (such as tattoos and piercings) the most likely he / she is to commit crime. Architects such as Le Corbusier, Hermann Muthesius and Peter Behrens also perceived the building as a nicely garmented body and thus appreciated Loos lessons on dressing and building. By doing so, Modernism, particularly as expressed by Le Corbusier, aimed to break from the utopian life by eliminating the medieval inequaliti es of social classes, destroy the distinction between the streets and stripes, through art, especially architecture since architecture is the art of living. Among the fashion designers, Coco Chanel is best known for her style in line with Loos ideas (this concept and relationship will be examined further in the next chapter of this study), however, Loos main significance for this study is that He was the first among those who declared the fashion and architecture relationship sharply. Ever since Louis Sullivan called for called for refraining entirely from the use of ornament for a period of years, in order that our thought might concentrate acutely upon the production of buildings well formed and comely in the nude (we might also add Adolf Loos proposition to connect ornament with crime and primitivism[10]) till Moussavis work on the Function of Ornament and Domeises Re-Sampling Ornament exhibition, recently ornament has been a dirty word in architectural circles for decades . In fact, ornament was associated with gender, mainly femininity and sexuality by the Modern Architects and thus it should have been omitted and FORM is to FOLLOW FUNCTION. This functionalism, as Loos puts it, for Modernist architecture is that the house does not have to tell anything to the exterior; instead all its richness must be manifest in the interior (cited from Colomina: 1996, p 32). Colomina further declares that the outside is only the cover of the book, it is clothing, it is mask . However, inside it is a meditation between the space and the individual. While fashion is the graphical translation of the individual human body while architecture is the non-verbal communication between the space and the society. Fashion as a Mask is satisfies our quest for individuality within the context of a society while architectural construction is a tool for satisfying the need for isolating ourselves, it is the real shelter. While fashion performs uniformity in the society, architectural manifest refuses restrictions. This disjunction further brings out the refusal of fashion-able as in Le Corbusiers statement: What we wished to express in art was the Universal and Permanent and to throw to the dogs the Vacillating and the Fashionable. [11] However, with Chanels response to that functionalism, in her little black dress that can be a party dress with accessories, such as, a pearl necklace, and also it functions as a day dress with a cardigan or worn plainly, it can be said that fashion felt in the realms of architecture, or looking at Le Corbusiers statement above, we can say that fashion invaded architectures space. This irony that on the one hand, while architectural ideas tried to escape from the fashion, fashion designers, such as, Chanel, Schiaparelli, and Dior adored architectural ideas on functionalism and omitting ornaments and applied architectural styles in their designs, on the other hand, while stating how ugly the feminine fashion, architects did not keep away from fashions space. Art, craft, architecture, style one for all The above ideas summarize Bauhaus (and, International Style, after the World War II and migration of Bauhaus members to other countries, mainly USA) further to create rational societies through rational design. Bauhaus was revolutionary school of art, architecture and design established by the pioneer modern architect Walter Gropius at Weimar in Germany in 1919 (Tate Modern). It was a place of learning and implementing where the borders between art and science and man and machine were eliminated. This design issue was not restricted to only architecture, but included almost all branches of art and design, such as, designing factories, their catalogues and even stationeries, or designing houses and offices, their furniture, the paintings, etc. (from the Manifesto of Bauhaus by Gropius). The idea is straightforward: in order to unite the universe, as artists we must unite our styles and International Style, could supply a framework for this. The principles are: down with frontiers, up with the grid, no curved lines, so that art will be collective for the universal, and general grammar of the shape would be geometry[12]. . The stage workshop was an interaction between all performance arts, i.e., music, dance, theatre. Led by Schlemmer (an architect, paint, designer) Bauhaus costumes were designed in order to express philosophical and compositional expression of key body types: pure, clear, and clean. Costume, architecture, body, and space were dynamic and inextricably linked for Schlemmer. His single subject was the human figure. He reduced to puppet-like, two-dimensional shapes that were expressive of the human body as a perfect system of proportions and functions analogous to the machine age (Bauhaus Archive Webpage). Schlemmers costume designs were playful and disruptive, and restrictive for the human body that inhabited his costumes reflecting Schlemmers theory that human types were artificial constructions. The function of costume is to emphasize the identity of the body or to change it. Costume expresses the bodys nature or it purposely misleads us regarding it (extracted from: History of Modern Drama, Emory University). The skectches of body and costumes designed at Bauhaus will be further explored and critised in the next chapter. Meantime, from the chronological point of view, the true beauty of the Bauhaus movement according to the author, is that its dictum anounced by Ludwig Mies van der Rohe: less is more[13] The concept is simplicity and clarity lead to high-quality design. From the perspective of an architect, it is a working method in which aesthetic seeks to astonish in a simple way and without unnecessary elements. The spaces are adapted to an idea of life that is intended to be simple, the walls linear, the floors with smooth texture and as a whole the structure that allows fascination. The virtue is absence, absence of ornament, unneeded details that will result more sensation. Since fewer elements mean fewer possibilities, minimalist architecture is more difficult to achieve perfection. Thus it represents the aesthetics of the silence, the space of culture. The space functions create a rehearsal with the mind and isolates us from the outside. Modernism and its principles as an architectural movement were well set, as emphasised in the dictums, manifests and practices of the scholars and designers. However, two paradoxes could be observed here: one is that although its principles were well set and communicated, its implications diverted from country to country (mainly be due to vernacular and dwellings of those places) hence a uniformed design could not be implemented, second, although the word modern refers to contemporary, being contemporary, adopting the developments, etc. Modernist architects were more utopian in their principles as the only acceptable truth in design issues. Skin and Bones, that is architecture, no needles The following years, with Ludwig Mies van der Rohes revolution, the glass house, the principles of Modern architecture, i.e. functionalism, concreteness, transparency, cleanness and lightness all came to life. His dictum less is more represented the idea of less structural frame with mo

History of Newspapers -- essays research papers fc

The History of Newspapers Today, people can use newspapers to find out many things. One can use the newspaper to check sports scores, get the day's news, read "feel good" stories, or even find out their horoscope. It was not always that way. From the "Acta Diurna," reported in the ancient Roman empire, to the New York Times, newspapers have come a long way. In this report, the distance that newspapers have traveled since their inception is going to be outlined. Before literacy was commonplace in societies, town criers would announce the news of the land to the land's people. These criers used oratory skills to spread the news on crossroads and the marketplace. Messengers would be commissioned to report to the town after battles to report a victory or a defeat to the townspeople. As people became more civilized and language and literacy was developed, news that was delivered by spoken word was starting to be written down. In 59 BC, Julius Caesar released the "Acta Diurana." This was a daily gazette which was printed and hung in the Roman Forum. This gazette would report news of Rome, such as military campaigns, executions, and trials. The Chinese also started government-produced news sheets called the taipo. While the "Acta" was the news for the entire populace of Rome, the taipo was only for the government officials until about 618 AD Those were the only noted types of printed news until 1456, when Gutenburg invented movable type. Soon after the printing press was invented, there was a written account of a tournament in Rome in about 1470. There were letters written by Christopher Columbus which were circulating Barcelona before Columbus returned from Spain in 1493. For about one-hundred-thirty years, there were pamphlets, sheets of paper, and books being printed and circulated with news events. Although these were written accounts of news utilizing movable type, they were not considered newspapers. Modern newspapers as we know them began in the late1500's. In 1566, the Venetian avisi began. This publication was regularly distributed throughout Venice. There was information about wars and politics in Italy and also the rest of Europe. They were printed weekly. This set the stage for other newspapers to follow the format outlined in those papers. They employed the style of using a dateline... ...than they ever had before, a circulation war was inevitable. As circulation wars heated up, newspapers were in competition to get the best news first. The wire services became born. Edward W. Scripps and William Randolph Hearst developed news services. Scripps started the Associated Press in 1907 and Hearst started the International News Service in 1909. As the country and its settlers realized their manifest destiny, the news services became very important to national news in city papers. After that point not too many events happened that really shaped the newspaper world. The age of the internet and computers has been the first thing to change newspapers in a long time. Now with the internet, the world is at everyone's fingertips. Never before had people had access to all of the information that they have now. It is going to be very interesting to see what is going to be done next. Bibliography Black, Jay; Bryant, Jennings; Thompson, Susan. Introduction to Media Communication. The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. 1998. pp.113-147. Stephens, Mitchell. "History of Newspapers". For Collier's Encyclopedia. Http://www.nyu.edu/classes/stephens/Collier's%20page.htm

Perfect Pizzeria Essay

Perfect Pizzeria Restaurants is a chain of 125 pizza establishments around the country with headquarters in Madison, Wisconsin. There are three locations in Bloomington, Indiana however they have financial and employee problems particularly at the location near the Indiana University campus. Each location has one manager and two shift leaders. The employees are mostly college students, with a few high school students performing the less challenging jobs. Nearly all of the employees, with the exception of some managers, are employed part-time and most earned only the minimum wage or slightly above. To address the financial problems, the Perfect Pizzeria manager’s compensation plan was changed to now being based on food and beverage costs and profit targets. If the percentage of food unsold or damaged is very low, the manager gets a bonus. If the percentage is high, the manager does not receive a bonus; rather he or she receives only his or her normal salary. Their compensation is also reflected in the restaurant’s profit figures which also must reach a certain level for the manager to receive a bonus. Thus the managers knew the criteria being used for their evaluation and therefore where to focus their efforts. These profit and loss figures often fluctuate. Knowing the manager cannot be in the store 24 hours a day, some employees make up for their low paychecks by helping themselves to the food. When a friend comes in to order a pizza, extra ingredients are put on the friend’s pizza. An occasional slice or two of pizza by the 18 to 20 employees throughout the day/evening at the break table also raises the percentage figure. An occasional bucket of sauce may be spilled or a pizza accidentally burned. Sometimes the wrong size of pizza may be made. In the event of an employee mistake or a burned pizza by the oven person, the expense is supposed to come from the individual employee. Because of peer pressure, the night manager seldom writes up a bill for the erring employee. Instead the establishment takes the loss and the error goes unnoticed until the end of the month when the inventory is taken. That’s when the manager finds out if the food loss percentage is high and if there will be a bonus. (Next page) Over time these loss figures increased. To address these problems at the Bloomington location, the manager took retaliatory measures. Previously, each employee was entitled to a free pizza slice, salad, and all the soft drinks he or she could drink for every 4 hours of work. Management decided to raise this figure to 6 hours of work before any free food. Since the employees had received this â€Å"free food after 4-hours† benefit for a long time they frequently ignored the rule and took advantage of the situation whenever the manager was not in the building. Therefore, the Perfect Pizzeria manager decided to create an assistant manager position which could more closely supervise the shift leaders. Each shift leader was now responsible for a team of 3 – 4 employees who were given specific responsibilities for a particular job such as counter, delivery, food preparation, etc. Employee apathy grew within the pizzeria. There seemed to be a further separation between the store manager and his workers, who were once a closely knit group. The manager made no attempt to alleviate the problem, because he felt it would iron itself out. The employees who were dissatisfied would quit or they would be content to put up with the new regulations. As it turned out, there were many employee resignations. The manager had no problem in filling the vacancies with new workers, but the loss of experienced personnel was costly to the business. It didn’t take long for the new employees to become influenced by the more experienced employees and the unsold/damaged food percentage remained high. Then the manager took a bolder step. He eliminated all the benefits that the employees had – no free pizzas, salads, or drinks. The manager tried still another approach to alleviate the rising unsold/damaged food percentage problem and maintain his bonus. He placed a notice on the bulletin board, stating that: if the percentage remained at a high level, a lie detector test would be given to all employees. All those found guilty of taking or intentionally wasting food or drinks would be immediately terminated. This did not have the desired effect on the employees, because they knew if they were all subjected to the test, all would be found guilty and the manager would have to dismiss all of them. This would leave him in a worse situation than ever. As the manager sat in his office listening to his beloved Cub’s baseball game, he analyzed the month’s profit/loss statements and knew things were not going to be good. What he did not expect was that the percentage was actually increasing from previous months. Another problem developed at the Bloomington campus location when Jennifer, a recently hired night shift counter clerk filed a complaint with the regional manager. She stated in her complaint that she was always required to work the late shift and Bill the night manager was becoming a bit â€Å"too friendly†. In fact her complaint stated, the only way she could get off from work earlier than other employees was if she would agree to meet Bill on their nights off at Hoosier’s, a popular college student club down the street from Perfect Pizzeria. Additionally, there was a formal complaint from a group of male employees that only the attractive female workers were being promoted to assistant managers or shift leaders even though the men had worked at the restaurant longer than most of the promoted women. The case assignment questions follow†¦ PERFECT PIZZERIA – CASE QUESTIONS (Please type your responses by listing the question number/letter and then your answers to the questions.) 1. List two different managerial functions/activities the manager has performed. Then give specific examples or evidence from the case that explains these two management functions the manager has performed. 4. points) 2a. Which of the managerial skills was the manager best at? Explain. 2b. Which of the managerial skills did the manager need to improve? Explain. (4 points) 3. List and/or give examples of four (4) different forces or factors from Perfect Pizzerias’ external environment. Then give a specific example of how each of these could have an impact on Perfect Pizzeria. Please be specific.(4 pts.) 4a. The case mentions that some employees put extra ingredients on their friends’ pizza or take a nibble or two of pizza during their shift. Please discuss whether you feel this is ethical and your reasons why you feel this way. (2 pts.) 4b. What actions could an organization take to prevent these potential ethical violations from happening based on the concepts in the textbook? Explain by applying these ideas to this case situation. (4 pts.) 5. Review the organizational approaches to managing diversity from Chapter 6. Then discuss or give an example of how you would apply two of these concepts to address the complaints of the male employees regarding the unfair promotions? Be specific. (4 points) 6. Give an example from the case of a poor management action and discuss two (2) specific ways you would correct the situation if you were the manager. (3 points)

A comparism of Animal Farm and the events of Tiananmen in relation to the issue of education and learning and the power this brings to societies.

A comparism of Animal Farm and the events of Tiananmen in relation to the issue of education and learning and the power this brings to societies. Good Afternoon,When George Orwell spoke out against the domination of people by others, condemning totalitarian society in his brilliant, witty, allegorical fable, Animal Farm, he also shone light on the issue of education and learning. Education can be defined as: "the development of knowledge, skill, ability, or character by teaching, training, study, or experience" and learning as: "the gaining of knowledge or skill which consequently permanently modifies ones responses."This relationship between education and learning and the effect this has on people and societies is blatantly clear in the novel, which highlights not only the exploitation of the weaker by the stronger but goes one step further by outlining that knowledge is in fact power.In the book, the sheep, representative of the general population of Russia during the Russian Revolution, because of their lack of understanding and smaller intelligence are denoted to simply workers who do not have a say which makes them more o pen to extortion and exploitation by those with 'power' that choose to use it unethically.American Education is in the DumpsterUnaware of their rights they are therefore unable to fight or even simply ask for them. When the animals of Animal Farm form resolutions together it is only the pigs that put forward resolutions, although the other animals understand HOW to vote, they are unable to come up with any resolutions of their own. The dogs cannot even manage this, voting for and against the same resolutions. Even when the Seven Commandments are being formulated, there is still a division between the animals:"It was also found that the stupider animals such as the sheep, hens and ducks were unable to learn the seven commandments by heart." (Page 21)If they had been able to learn these rules they would have been more alert to Napoleon's regime and the...

Cell Phones Essay Example

Cell Phones Essay Example Cell Phones Essay Cell Phones Essay Name: Course: Professor: Date: Cell Phones Reginald Aubrey Fessenden revolutionized the way people communicate in the modern world. He was able to come up with the first radio transmission of speech on December 23 1900 (Aitken 1985). This was the first step towards revolution in the world of communication. The cell phone has become a necessity in the current decade, as very few daily activities are carried out without its use. It has changed the way people interact with each other and the running of day-to-day activities. It has eased the cost of communication as opposed to other forms of communication. However, this does not rule out the fact that communication amongst people has deteriorated, as there is emotional disconnect between people as they just use cell phones to communicate at each other instead of communicating with each other. This is the price for the technological advancement in communication. Technology advancements have enabled cell phone users the opportunity to experience new and innovative products such a s instant messaging. Numerous numbers of cell phones had been made in 1940, but their actual circulation and marketing began in 1983.ATT was the first company to apply for cellular service in 1971, but this was not granted by the Federal Communication Commission. It is until in 1982 when the Federation Communication Commission granted ATT an Advanced Phone mobile Systems (AMPS) license (Aitken 1985). They were bulky and consumed a lot of energy. This is quite different from the kind of cell phones that are currently in operation which are lesser in size and energy efficient. This is a clear view as to the rate at which the cell phone has evolved. Each cell phone model comes with its own distinctive features that give it its own competitive edge in the cell phone market. The cell phone has been the cause of all the advancements in technology as each model that is introduced into the market prompts other competitors to come up with new and innovative ideas to help them stay relevant in the ever changing market. It has been the main driver of change in technology. Cell phones have grown to become reliable portable digital assistants. They enable people with busy schedules to refer to these gadgets for reminders for duties or meetings, scheduling of meetings, messaging services such as the Blackberry. Unlike in the early 20th century when people had to rely on personal assistants for completion of such tasks, Blackberry phones have the ability to provide their users with Global Positioning System services that enable easy movement and location of places of interest to the users. A blackberry phone may prove too addictive to use ( Funtasz, 2010). They also have options for multiple users working with corporate companies to access their companies’ databases and be able to get the information they want without having to go to the office and get such information. Blackberry phones can be used as tethered modems on their own to enable the user to be able to combine the cell phone and a computer for access to the internet. This is a unique feature in the cell phone market. In addition, they are able to access internet services after subscription from their respective network provider, which is one of the main attractive features to the users irrespective of their ages in the current cell phone market. This enables individuals to access data on the internet for whatever purpose. Blackberry phones usually have preloaded applications such as Microsoft Word Excel for editing official documents and Facebook and Twitter that give the user an unrivaled social media experience (Funtasz 2010). In conclusion, cell phones have brought about an unprecedented revolution in technology as every act of innovation by single cell phone maker brings about fierce competition from competing phone makers who want to outdo each other in a battle for share of the large and fast growing cell phone consumer market. Currently the phone makers have each invented their own technologies in developing cell phones to come up with distinct products that are made to meet specifications that appeal to a certain market niche. For example, there are touch sensitive screens, which are used as keyboards and as screens for displaying the relevant data Aitken, Hugh.G .J .The Continuous Wave: Technology and American Radio, , Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press.1985.Print Funtasz, J., 2010, â€Å"Canadian middle manager experience with mobile email technologies: A phenomenological exploration of frequent BlackBerry users†. University of Phoenix .210 pages. Print.

Critical Paper of Let's (Not) Get Physicals Essay

Critical Paper of Let's (Not) Get Physicals - Essay Example For example, she seems to shift blame for the situation to doctors and patients and leaves out key players such as the government and insurance companies. Rosenthal attempts to convince people on the need of not having physicals, especially when the checkups become recommended by doctors and then get approved by insurance companies. Rosenthal, at the beginning of her article, states that she completed medical training in late eighties. This may validate her ability to make distinguishing arguments for or against some medical checkup procedures. As such, she argues that various health tests are irrelevant and sometimes harmful to the patient. Her article reflects on tests that yield false positives on the first instance, therefore, facilitating the need for further tests. An example of convincingly harmful procedures includes X-rays which expose patients to radiation and over time can lead to health complications. Other medical tests such as blood screenings are intrusive and unnecess ary. For instance, the United States Preventive Services Task Force does not recommend antigen specific blood screening to identify prostate cancer. Nonetheless, close to 80% of urologists still think it is necessary. Rosenthal cites studies by the Canadian government task force in 1979 that provide evidence on the irrelevance of the standard head-to-toe annual physical. The results from these studies show that the tests a) do not yield efficient diagnosis or results and b) may expose patients to harmful, intrusive procedures. However, the author does not clearly articulate whose fault it is that the tests are not accurate. Furthermore, Rosenthal’s thesis mentions potential harm to the patient, but she seems to fail in outlining the clear dangers of engaging in medical checkups. In her article, Rosenthal speaks of how some procedures are pointless and need to be wiped out from the medical practice. In addition, she insists of some laboratory tests being useless as moreso end up giving false positives hence hindering diagnosis of the real diseases. Furthermore, she continues by mentioning the pointless nature of screening tests as some do not have any influence on the progression of a disease in illnesses that do not have effective treatment. She goes further to give an example of how CT scan can be harmful to a patient through the radiation that it emits, though medical personnel still use it. She emphasizes that there are quite a number of procedures and tests used in diagnosis and screening of certain diseases, but in real sense, also contribute in causing harm to that given patient. Moreover, Americans spend well over 300 billion dollars on unnecessary tests or treatment each year. Rosenthal also quotes Dr. Ateev Mehrotra, assistant professor at the University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, who estimates that unneeded blood tests alone consume close to 325 million dollars a year. The excessive amounts of money spent on medical checkups reflect on the agenda of most doctors and hospitals. Rosenthal reports that doctors and hospitals prefer that patients spend more during medical visits because this is a sure way of making a profit. Another contributor to the inflating cost of healthcare is insurance. This article claims that medical insurance ends up paying large portions of bills for patients with coverage. This economic stimulus is dangerous

Marketing distribution management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Marketing distribution management - Essay Example For instance, even though Windows 7 was a perfectly competent operating system, Microsoft felt the need to come up with a superior variant in Windows 8 which provides users with a more interactive interface with more engaging features. Microsoft’s primary market segment is that of teenagers and young adults. Its new line of products include Windows phones and tablets, as well as the Xbox One, which are all products demanded by people belonging to these age groups. The need to constantly innovate to protect market share due to the continuous emergence of inventive products, such as Android smartphones and PlayStation 4, by competitors remains the company’s biggest challenge. The recent outlay of $405 million on the marketing of Windows tablets is testament to this fact (Warren). Microsoft has traditionally held a very mature and adult like persona in the minds of the public due its strong association with Windows operating systems. However, the company has recently undergone a rebranding process of transforming its logos and portfolio (The Globe and Mail). Its entry in the tablets market and its acquisition of Nokia’s cellphone division and subsequent marketing of ‘Lumia’ has showcased that it now wants to appeal to a younger audience and portray itself as ‘cool’. However, it faces stiff competition with the likes of Apple, Samsung and HTC having already occupied that position and possessing greater experience in these markets. The Globe and Mail. Microsoft Rebrands: First New Logo in 25 Years. 23 Aug. 2012. Web. 29 Jan. 2014. http://www.theglobeandmail.com/technology/business-technology/microsoft-rebrands-first-new-logo-in-25-years/article4495185/ Warren, Tom. "Microsoft to Spend $405 Million on Windows Marketing, Aims for 16 Million Tablet Sales." The Verge, 1 Nov. 2013. Web. 29 Jan. 2014.

Strategy definition of Lloyds bank TSB Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Strategy definition of Lloyds bank TSB - Essay Example yers in the industry, who prove to be large-scale retailers, this company’s focus is ensuring that it can register growth (Competitor strategies & industry trends 2014, p. 20). This is the reason why it intends to register a 40 to 50 % growth in its balance sheets in a period of five years. This is achievable because of the increasing growth in mortgages (How Lloyds responds to changes in the business environment 2014, p. 3). The Lloyds TSB banks need to continue registering growth if the group is to remain a leader in the UK banking sector. The company will focus on its core business and invest more in its iconic brands, factors that will ensure a high level of profitability (Lloyds Banking Group plc SWOT Analysis 2014, p. 6). Lloyds Bank TSBs business strategy focuses on the customer. This strategy was developed after realizing that customers were the most important entities in any business. If the bank can satisfy customers, then it is assured of registering growth. It intends to offer all its customers an outstanding experience (Lloyds TSB Bank 2010, p. 29). This experience is defined by reliability, consistency, and convenience. Moreover, the bank will invest in its digital capability, providing a platform for online and mobile branches, a factor that will present customers with the increased convenience of banking (Patrick 2011, p. 29). In addition, the bank is determined to open up networks of branches that can meet the emerging needs and preferences of customers. The Lloyds Bank TSB has the three categories of its customers as the core of its business. It intends to keep helping households, communities, and businesses (Ray 2013, p. 55). Through its mortgage plans, the Lloyds Bank TSB offers househo lds the opportunity to own a home. In addition, it helps the entire British community register economic growth and have the appropriate social wellbeing by using its experience and expertise. Moreover, the Lloyds Bank TSB has the intention of continuing to

Persepolis by Marjane Satrapi Analysis Essay Example for Free

Persepolis by Marjane Satrapi Analysis Essay In the book, Persepolis, by Marjane Satrapi, the main character is the author as a young girl growing up in Iran during the Islamic Revolution of 1979. She starts off as an incredibly positive child with enormous faith in herself and her relationship with G-d. Through her experiences, especially when she was in her crucial, early teenage years, she completely loses her faith in G-d and also rebels against her environment. The author wants to show the Western world that there are many people in Iran, like Marjane, that are no different than Westerners. She does this by describing her childhood teenage conflicts with her parents, with oppression and with her faith in G-d, all of which most Western teenagers could easily relate to. Marjane’s conflicts prove that she is not just a spoiled teenager, rebelling for no other reason than just being a teenager, but that the environment she was in would make most teenagers rebel. Two of Marjane’s conflicts with her parents come from her strong desire to participate in the public protests against the Shah. Marjane has a close relationship with her parents, whose activism against oppression influences her greatly. She sees her parents go to protests against the Shah and she desperately wants to join in and be a part of it. On panels 16.9-17.6, Marjane is begging her parents to allow her to join them in the next day’s protests. She says to them, â€Å"For a revolution to succeed, the entire population must support it.† They tell her she can’t go yet because it is too dangerous. She is very upset with them for not letting her go. Later, on panels 38.1-39.5, Marjane defies her parents’ authority by attending a demonstration with her maid, Mehri. The author narrates, â€Å"When I finally understood the reasons for the Revolution I made my decision.† Marjane is referring to her decision to go to a protest against the Shah. This is after her maid’s heart is broken because the boy she is in love with dumps her when he finds out she is below his social class. Marjane believes that the Revolution will abolish the social class system. These two examples of conflict with her parents show that Marjane is not just acting out against her parents, but cares deeply for the future of her country and those closest to her, like her maid. The Islamic Fundamentalists’ new rules and laws also create conflicts for Marjane because of the influence from her parents’ secular beliefs and her previous secular schooling. On panels 96.1-98.7, the author describes Marjane’s new school environment after her secular French school is shut down. The students are forced into Islamic schools where the girls and boys are separated. They have new rituals to perform, like hitting themselves to honor the Iran-Iraq war casualties. Almost immediately, the students begin to make fun of the rituals and the new teachers enforcing them. The school is so upset with the students’ behavior that the parents are called in for a lecture as well. At the end of the lecture, Marjane’s father says to the teacher, â€Å"If hair is as stimulating as you say, then you need to shave your mustache!† This shows Marjane’s parents’ rebellion against the Fundamentalism, which heavily influences Marjane. It also shows that Marjane, and her fellow students in this case, are not doing anything wrong in their parents’ eyes, but simply having a tough time adapting to this completely new set of beliefs, rules and laws. A similar conflict for Marjane revolves around the new, strict rules on what women can wear in public. On panels 130.1-134.4, Marjane’s parents return from a trip to Turkey with gifts of Western clothing for her. She immediately puts them on, gets a compliment from her mother, and goes out to buy some black market rock and roll tapes. She is confronted by the Guardians of the Revolution for wearing the Western clothing and almost gets arrested. Like any teenager who receives cool, new clothes from their parents, she wants to immediately enjoy wearing them. Also, she has only known freedom and has been taught by her parents that it is OK to express herself with clothing. Rather than being a spoiled teenager, rebelling against the Fundamentalists, she is simply a teenager expressing herself and trying to enjoy herself in her new clothes. Marjane’s environment also causes her to have a major conflict with her faith in G-d. As a young girl, Marjane truly believes that she will be the Last Prophet. (6.3-9.6) She feels so strongly about this and her relationship with G-d she even endures ridicule from her classmates for saying she will be a Prophet. But, as her environment changes, and the Revolution starts to build, she shows signs of conflict with her faith in G-d. On Panel 10.1 she says, â€Å"My faith was not unshakable.† On 10.2 the author narrates, â€Å"The year of the Revolution I had to take action. So I put my prophetic destiny aside for a while.† The fact that she truly believed she would become a prophet, to the point of enduring ridicule, showed that she was very serious about her faith in G-d. Then her environment changes so much due to the building Revolution and the terrible things happening in Iran under the Shah’s government that she takes her emotional energy away from her f aith in G-d and starts to put it towards the Revolution. Her once strong relationship with G-d ends completely when her uncle Anoosh is falsely accused of being a Russian spy and executed. (70.1) On panel 70.4, Marjane tells G-d, â€Å"Get out of my life! I never want to see you again!† Throughout the rest of Persepolis, Marjane never again mentions G-d. She went from believing she is a prophet, and talking to G-d regularly, to completely rejecting Him. This profound change shows that Marjane’s life was deeply affected by her environment. When the tough environment Marjane grew up in is considered, her conflicts with her parents, with oppression and with her faith in G-d seem understandable. Her conflicts with her parents arose mainly from her desire to protest because that’s what she thought she should be doing. Her conflicts with her oppressive, Islamic Fundamentalist school are understandable because it was all new for her and her classmates. And finally, her conflict with her faith in G-d was due to the overwhelming circumstances of the Revolution and the oppressive, Islamic Fundamentalist regime. Her reactions to her environment seem completely normal and justified. She is not a rebellious child and teenager, but is just very committed to whatever she believes in, and conflict almost always comes with commitment.