Marketing and Unilever

(Case Study)Analysis of Comfort Vietnam EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Unilever is a completely global enterprise with working organizations and industrial facilities spreading all around the globe, and assembling nourishments, drinks, cleaning operators and individual consideration items. Unilever possesses in excess of 400 brands however its 13 â€Å"billion-dollar brands† fall for the most part into two classifications: Food and Beverage, and Home and Personal Care. Unilever began its activity in Vietnam in 1995.Since at that point, Unilever Vietnam (UVN) has accomplished a solid and fast development, and figured out how to turn into the market chief in pretty much every sub-part it has entered disregarding confronting loads of brutal rivalry, particularly in a nation where venture is abundant, rising local contenders as well as drawing in enormous remote ones, for example, Nestle or PepsiCo. This paper, in light of auxiliary examination, is made with the point out of introducing a revi ew of Unilever’s exercises in Vietnam through the investigation of its present market, showcasing condition, clients, contenders, and especially brand and SWOT analysis.We would for the most part present to Comfort-the cleansing agent into center. In a word, a portion of its quality are made sure about money related foundation and sensible estimating and high flexibility. It likewise has shortcomings, for example, plausible misperception. Furthermore, despite the fact that UVN needs to confront unforgiving rivalry and different dangers that represent a peril, it likewise can accept favorable circumstances of open doors like the household showcase having advanced a lot. From the investigation, we draw a few recommendations for the company’s advancement methodologies, for example, propping up with open campaigns.COMPANY ANALYSIS Mission Statement Unilever is a global business that claims a large number of the world’s purchaser item marks in nourishments, drink, cl eaning operators and individual consideration items. Since the initiation of Unilever’s activity in Vietnam in 1995, Unilever Vietnam has effectively developed to turn into a main quick moving purchaser merchandise organization in the nearby market. Guided by the crucial add essentialness to life†, the organization has perseveringly satisfied its promise to raising the personal satisfaction for individuals wherever through the rovision of its marked items and administrations. Each product offering is started and grown consummately in line with the general crucial. Knorr, for example, the pioneer in Vietnam’s granule advertise with complete portion of over 70%, initially established on the conviction that â€Å"Good food matters† since it adds untold joy to our lives. Or on the other hand Comfort, which has been positioned the number 1 texture conditioner in Vietnam with over 55% of piece of the pie since 1999, lets individuals â€Å"Do the little addition al thing for the one you love†.Or Lifebuoy, a market head in each Asian market where it is sold, has made its objective understood is to give reasonable and available cleanliness and wellbeing answers for each individual. Other than taking a shot at its creation to give the best to individuals, Unilever Vietnam is likewise effectively engaged with social exercises to help increase the living expectations and improving the prosperity for Vietnamese individuals. It has contributed more than VND 200 billion to the general public through a wide scope of tasks, for example, â€Å"P/S ensures Vietnamese Smiles Program†, â€Å"For Bright Eyes of Children†, and â€Å"Pride of Ha Long†.Company Objectives In agreement with the statement of purpose, the organization sets up its corporate destinations controlling the present and future advancement of the organization throughout the following a year as follows: †¢ Win share and develop volume productively across c lasses and nations. †¢ Offer an expansive arrangement of brands that intrigue to purchasers with various needs and spending plans. †¢ Leverage innovation to make greater, better development stages that will be turned out quicker to various markets. †¢ Enhance and widen relationship with customers.Brand examination 1, Brand 's current execution Brand is the most significant segment to make accomplishment for an organization, so it’s important for advertisers to understand the brand’s current execution in the market and from that creating suitable promoting systems for development by utilizing item life-cycle (PLC) stages, a valuable structure for portraying how items and markets work. There are five primary stages to be specific Product Development, Introduction, Growth, Maturity and Decline.Product advancement and Introduction allude to the time of propelling merchandise and ventures while Decline is the point at which the organization quits extending an d spending on the item and build up another new one. On account of Comfort, it very well may be said that they are in the time of quick market acknowledgment and deals development (the development stage). Thinking about your garments is significant as it permits you look great and feel better. Getting this, in 1999 Market Leader of Unilever Viet Nam propelled Comfort with the point of causing clients to feel thought about regularly by bringing oftness and durable newness to their garments . Promptly, Comfort has for quite some time been winning the affection and dedication of buyers with over 55% piece of the overall industry and become the main texture conditioner in Vietnam. These are the confirmations to help the way that Unilever Viet Nam has been growing awesome showcasing systems for their image Comfort. 2, Current advertising system for the brand Unilever Company has been actualizing the universal promoting methodologies in Viet Nam showcase following Marketing Mix 4Ps struct ure. , Place Comfort has been dispersed over the nation, with more than 100,000 spots, which makes an advantageous access for clients and any providers. These days, when the transportation turns out to be further developed with various types of vehicles, it is simpler for Unilever Viet Nam to allot the item to clients in various territories and districts. 2, Product as far as quality, Comfort conveys uncommon delicateness to garments, however it additionally offers an assortment of very much adored scents. Some of which are Lily, Huong Ban Mai, rose fragrance and so forth. Aroma Angels are the symbols for Comfort's durable fragrances.With the craving to meet the changing needs of shoppers, Comfort continues enhancing and acquainting new items with the market. Offering delicate quality and dependable newness, yet Comfort additionally presents additional advantages of the items. Solace White, the main textures conditioner embraced by the Dermatology Institute of Vietnam that is ok for delicate skin, is the most ideal decision to ensure the skin and make garments extremely delicate, which is entirely appropriate for baby’s garments. Dynamic Confident with tea tree oil extricate shields the garments from rancidness and keeps clients feeling new and dynamic the entire day long.The most recent development on the February 2006 is Comfort Thom Lau Huong Ban Mai (Blue Concentrate) with aroma cases which secure the scent and just discharges it during wearing. These developments again fortify the durable advantage of Comfort Blue in the texture conditioner showcase. 3, Promotion The fundamental advancement methodology arrangement of Comfort is â€Å"Above the Line†. Over the-Line is the advancement exercises for item on TV, magazines†¦ to declare, convince and remind clients about their items, particularly toward the start of each or new item propelled .Some advancement programs are made frequently on TV to make clients to know about the item like Comf ort wedding, Comfort huge day, Comfortâ€Å" spring breeze†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Since March 2005, a novel and inventive thought for publicizing and initiation has been presented: aroma blessed messenger. With the scent blessed messenger, the aroma is represented by a nonexistent character which envisions very well how the scent of Comfort takes a shot at texture. The picture differs as indicated by its motivation to delineate the capacity and segment of Comfort: Angel with tea leaf shield, Angel that embraces the texture, Angel with schoolbag, Angel with the fan, Angel with sunglasses.The aroma heavenly attendant is the novel property of the Comfort brand in Vietnam. It has been cherished and worshiped by numerous individuals, particularly youngsters. In November 2005 advancement, a huge number of aroma blessed messenger dolls have been given as extraordinary and adorable trinkets to shoppers of Comfort. In augmentations, Unilever additionally held numerous projects at business sectors an d grocery stores like â€Å"Kham pha 14 ngay thom lau† Campaign on 15/03/2006 â€Å"Thu thach 1 lan xa cua Comfort† on 14/04/2008 with the try of situating the brand name just as the item quality.Unilever Vietnam is likewise very much perceived for its dynamic commitments to social and network programs across Vietnam, which has assisted with improving life for many individuals in Vietnam. In April 2005, Unilever Vietnam was respected by the President of the State the Second Rank Labor Medal for its astounding business execution and commitment to the financial advancement of Vietnam, being one of the principal global organizations granted with such respect by the State and Government of Vietnam.Due to these direct, on schedule and proper advancement battles, the brand nameComfort has been broadly perceived in Vietnamese market, bringing benefits for Unilever Vietnam as well as making a decent brand picture fro Comfort on purchasers too. 4, Price Recognizing that 80% of Vietnamese customers live in the wide open with low salary, Unilever Viet Nam has been building up the value technique, lessening the delivering costs, charging fitting cost on purchasers. The organization has dependent on the little country undertakings to locate the neighborhood materials as opposed to bringing in. This enables the organization to decrease the delivering expenses and pay less tariffs.Furthermore, the organization additionally disperses the creating places at three primary industrial facilities, in the north, the center and the south of Viet Nam to trim down transportation costs and land cost. Unilever likewise follows the money bolster strategy, helping country ventures advertisement

Analysis of Managerial Decisions: Medford University

While trying to discover an answer for diminishing these costs, the administration could have moved toward the Human Resources division to break down the issue close by and give a changed arrangement to the representatives' incidental advantages. Rather the administration has taken a choice to make a team to examine the monetary emergencies close by and concoct an answer for help decrease the incidental advantages expenses to the college. Medford University, a lofty research college, with more than 10,000 understudies and more than 12,000 representatives, is confronted with a noteworthy money related emergency Brinkley, Smith, and Zimmerman, 2009).University administration has cornered the enormous costs troubled by the college on the incidental advantages to the workers. This adds to over $1 00 million yearly (Brinkley, Smith, and Zimmerman, 2009). Also the retirement benefits vowed to the resigning representatives. The college, in any case, off late have been confronted with genuin e monetary emergencies. The incidental advantages costs have been adding to the significant cost looked by the college. The administration is henceforth confronted with a quick activity intend to handle these budgetary emergencies to rescue the valid for the college and its employees.Now the arrangement depends broadly in changing the present incidental advantages plan and for this the administration could move toward the HR office to locate another arrangement to lessen costs and furthermore keep the representatives fulfilled. Rather the president utilizes an exceptional team headed by the medical clinic boss executive to discover an answer for these emergencies. 1) President Shipyard's choice to move toward the issue over the incidental advantages by allotting a team to examine the issue is an altogether different methodology instead of simply heading off to the human sources office to draft an arrangement to handle the equivalent (Brinkley, Smith, and Zimmerman, 2009).The princip le focal point of this team was to diminish use and build up another incidental advantage bundle for the workers of the college. He likewise watched alert as the estimations of the workforce and staff of the college ought not be influencing at all by the presentation of this team and their examination. His earnestness in the achievement Of this team was obvious when a top executive was utilized to lead the team. The bad habit executive and numerous other experienced individuals were additionally highlighted the team to ensure an exceptionally powerful team.On the other hand, if the president had just guided the issue to the HR office to think of an arrangement, it would have come about in one more changed advantages bundle, with cause or worry about it being coordinated towards the wealthy, rich, and might have even had questions raised against preference towards certain personnel and staff individuals. 2) The president must offer access to all the college money related to the team. The focal point of the team isn't simply to discover an answer for decrease costs UT additionally to look for the most ideal answer for the workers as well.The thoughts and view of every one of the team individuals ought to be coordinated to this reason. It is the duty of the president to ensure the individual worries of every one of the part is considered in conversation and each choice made. The essential concentration anyway would be the budgetary of the college. 3) The main overseers arrangement to lead the team by the President was a choice made in considering the experience and information he would welcome on the government laws, state laws and the protection cap add to the expense of instruction (Brinkley, Smith, and Zimmerman, 2009).Every individual from the team will undoubtedly acquire different sincere beliefs and discernments to the current issue and thus as the lead manager, he would need to think about and lead the group the correct way. Consequently the central direc tor is the most capable individual to help control the board of trustees and keep them on target in accomplishing the ideal outcome. This will guarantee there is a more extensive point of view on the issue, differing assessment and an answer is agreeably found. This permits the board of trustees to concentrate on rater detail the information introduced so there is an even assessment by every person and, as a gathering. ) The reason for the advisory group is to locate the most ideal answer for tackle the budgetary emergencies looked by the college. Notwithstanding, it isn't something that is destined to be acknowledged by the President. The president will consider the report of the council as the answer for the money related emergencies yet the president has the ability to abrogate, make recommendations or adjust the arrangement as he see fits. It was astute to name her colleagues as the bad habit executives, to the team to guarantee that he president had simple access to data and mi nutes of the meetings.While the Intent is to bring down the expense of incidental advantages, the president wouldn't like to change the nature of the personnel and staff. Be that as it may, the college's money related status shows that it can't proceed with an exorbitant incidental advantages plan and subsequently she would offer admission to the staff of Medford University. One approach to do this is to keep on being open any thoughts after the investigation. Much after any proposals, there might be have to alter or change any recommendations after cautious investigation. At long last the President needs to be certain that staff and workforce are reasonably and lawfully redressed. ) A collaborator of the President was delegated as the secretary of the team. This gives the president an inside access into the panel and its encouraging. It additionally keeps the president educated and furthermore keep track on the individual commitments to the panel and furthermore the to perceive how brought together the group is in their dynamic. This likewise would help the president in growing counter recommendations and furthermore proposals to what the team suggests. End according to my feeling, with respect to the Medford University study , the motivation behind the team is to give proposals from the personnel, staff, and understudy body.The seat and its individuals speak to an inspecting of the workforce, staff and understudies which can go about as voice for their prosperity. The assorted team individuals will likewise be better ready to gage support in the cost cutting estimates where vital all together for the school to keep up the degree of training it is as of now giving and that it keeps its first rate instructors. References Brinkley, J. A. , Smith, C. W. , and Zimmerman, J. L. (2009). Administrative financial aspects and authoritative engineering. Chicago: Irwin.

Theravadan Buddhism Essay Example For Students

Theravadan Buddhism Essay Theravadan BuddhismThroughout history there have been various religions and religious philosophies that people have endowed their lives and methods for living to. One of the most interesting is that of Buddhism. The incomparable Buddha alluded to his way as the center way, and he, as the Enlightened One started the lessons of the religion with his initial five Ascetics who he shows his center way. This extraordinary event is the beginning to what will be known as Theravadan Buddhism. Despite the fact that Theravadan Buddhism would later be viewed as the little vehicle, it gives the main thought of the principle anatman or having no-self that shapes the thoughts of each Buddhist today. We will compose a custom article on Theravadan Buddhism explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now Theravadan Buddhism which implies The instructing of the seniors, is the educating of the Buddha in its actual customary structure. Subsequent to achieving illumination under the Bohdi tree, the Buddha comes back to five austere priests he had been related with already. He showed them the basic pieces of Buddhism which incorporate the imperative Four Noble Truths. These lessons were educated by priests, and they give the key certainties on which the religion was established. These are the Four Noble Truths: (1) all life is unavoidably loaded up with distress; (2) distress is legitimately because of wanting; (3) distress must be halted by halting the hankering; and (4) this should be possible just by taught and moral direct with contemplation drove by the Buddhist priest. These facts show that the Buddhists considered all to be as transient, and being transient there is no interminable Self or soul, consequently anatman or no obvious self. While the Theravadan Buddhist rehearsed the p ossibility of anatman, there were different developments that rehearsed the possibility of atman or genuine self. The Upanishadic development, which began around 300 years before the Theravadan practice, rotates around an account of a kid who Yama tells there is a self in everybody. This genuine self or atman is concealed by the fantasy of a person. As along these lines of reasoning was being educated, individuals started to uprise and address if religion is justified, despite all the trouble. This prompts numerous plain developments wherein individuals leave their homes to be foragers. Since this should be possible by any it started to get well known. The numerous austere developments offered ascend to a wide range of individual developments, yet the fundamental one other than Buddhism was Jainism. Jainism was a development that said in everything there is a Jiva or soul which takes after the atman. Karma is the stuff or gunk that spreads up the Jivas and causes things to give off an impression of being unique. Despite the fact that a priest was the one in particular who could thoroughly free Jivas, laypeople could carry out beneficial things and experience the ill effects of their atman. In this development the last advance for a priest to arrive at Nirvana was simply the destitute to death of ones. In a total difference to the lessons of the Jainic development the Theravadan Buddhists saw there being no atman by any stretch of the imagination. Buddhists acknowledged the educating of the convention of karma which causes all who have it to be renewed into a condition of life as per the developed karma. The best way to stop this resurrection is to accomplish Nirvana. The condition of non-presence or demolition. They additionally felt that when going starting with one presence then onto the next no changeless element or atman transmigrated from body to body. The purpose behind there being no self is on the grounds that self can not be found in the five essentia l totals or Skandhas. These being matter, feeling, observation, developing exercises, and cognizance were completely comprised of dharma or little nuclear units. This is by all accounts conflicting supposing that there is no self then these dharma shouldnt be available in light of the fact that they would one might say make a self, regardless of whether they just came in and left each second. .u8173530bfedd8bbeb64e3752e3fa90f4 , .u8173530bfedd8bbeb64e3752e3fa90f4 .postImageUrl , .u8173530bfedd8bbeb64e3752e3fa90f4 .focused content zone { min-tallness: 80px; position: relative; } .u8173530bfedd8bbeb64e3752e3fa90f4 , .u8173530bfedd8bbeb64e3752e3fa90f4:hover , .u8173530bfedd8bbeb64e3752e3fa90f4:visited , .u8173530bfedd8bbeb64e3752e3fa90f4:active { border:0!important; } .u8173530bfedd8bbeb64e3752e3fa90f4 .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .u8173530bfedd8bbeb64e3752e3fa90f4 { show: square; progress: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-change: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; haziness: 1; progress: murkiness 250ms; webkit-progress: darkness 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .u8173530bfedd8bbeb64e3752e3fa90f4:active , .u8173530bfedd8bbeb64e3752e3fa90f4:hover { mistiness: 1; progress: obscurity 250ms; webkit-change: haziness 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .u8173530bfedd8bbeb64e3752e3fa90f4 .focused content zone { width: 100%; position: relative; } .u8173530bfedd8bbeb64e3752e3fa90f4 .ctaText { fringe base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: intense; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; content embellishment: underline; } .u8173530bfedd8bbeb64e3752e3fa90f4 .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .u8173530bfedd8bbeb64e3752e3fa90f4 .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; outskirt: none; outskirt range: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; text style weight: striking; line-stature: 26px; moz-outskirt span: 3px; content adjust: focus; content adornment: none; content shadow: none; width: 80px; min-tallness: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/straightforward arrow.png)no-rehash; position: total; right: 0; top: 0; } .u8173530bfedd8bbeb64e3752e3fa90f4:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .u81735 30bfedd8bbeb64e3752e3fa90f4 .focused content { show: table; stature: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .u8173530bfedd8bbeb64e3752e3fa90f4-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .u8173530bfedd8bbeb64e3752e3fa90f4:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: Charlemagne, or Charles the Great, King of the Franks (742-814) EssayThe Theravadan Buddhists were specific in what they rehearsed and what they revered. They were never discovered adulating symbols or human pictures, rather they took to commending the Bodhi trees, impressions, and stupas or internment hills. Their love revolved around the ceaseless life and resurrection into one of the five degrees of society. These were glorious devas, people, creatures and plants,

What Does The Lottery Symbolize - Free Essay Example

All our lives, weve been told stories of far off places and princesses. Stories of heartbreak and superheroes saving cities. Many of these stories have been written to teach us important lessons and morals that many carry with them throughout their whole life. The Lottery, set in a small, isolated town, tells a story where villagers gather to conduct their annual lottery. When Tessie Hutchinson name is drawn it becomes clear what the prize of the lottery really is, a stoning. In the short story, The Lottery, Shirley Jackson uses symbols, foreshadowing and setting to create an ironic sense of horror and teach the reader an important lesson of speaking up for what is right. In The Lottery, Jackson captivates the reader by using symbols such as the stones and the black box. One of the symbols Shirley Jackson uses is the stones. After Tessie Hutchinsons name is drawn, the villagers prepare for the stoning process, (T)hey still remembered to use stones. (Jackson 7) Stoning is an ancient, cruel method of murder but the villagers continue this outdated ritual because they are afraid of change. The villagers stoning an innocent woman symbolizes what can happen when traditions are not questioned or challenged. Shirley Jackson uses, The Lottery to remind us to speak up for what is right, and fight against injustices. Another symbol Shirley Jackson uses to create a shocking sense of horror in, The Lottery is the black box. On page 2, the author explains the need for a new box but, (N)o one liked to upset even as much tradition as was represented by the black box. (Jackson 2) This symbolizes the illogic of the villagers loyalty to this tradition, even when chang e is clearly necessary. Similar to the black box, the tradition has lost its purpose and is starting to fall apart. Not only does Shirley Jackson use symbolism to create a shocking sense of horror but she also uses foreshadowing. One way Jackson uses foreshadowing is through Old Man Warner. When the villagers start talking of the North village giving up the lottery, Old Man Warner refers to them as a, Pack of crazy fools. And says, Used to be a saying about, Lottery in June, corn be heavy soon. (Jackson 4) This comment foreshadows the fact this this is more than just any other community event. This lottery relates to ancient customs that believe pleasing the God(s) will lead to a good crop season. Another way Shirley Jackson foreshadows the twist ending in, The Lottery is through the children gathering stones. In the very first page it says, Bobby Martin had already stuffed his pockets full of stones, and the other boys soon followed his example, selecting the smoothest and roundest stones(.) (Jackson 1) Even in the second paragraph the author began to foreshadow the ruthlessness and cruelty of th is lottery. Even children are preparing to participate in the murder of an innocent person. The last literature device Shirley Jackson uses is the setting. One way the author uses setting to create a shocking sense of horror in, The Lottery is through the lottery being held in the square. In the very first paragraph of the short story, it explains, The people of the village began to gather in the square. (Jackson 1) This quote is ironic because town squares are normally where events that bring communities together are held, whether thats square dances, or fairs. These events are all very exciting and fun, so this sets the reader up to think is just an ordinary day that will end with a positive, happy outcome. However, this is the exact opposite of what happens later, when the story takes an unexpected, dark turn and the town is torn apart by this horrifying tradition. Another way Shirley Jackson uses setting to create a shocking sense of horror in her short story is through the date the Lottery is held. The Lotterys setting, The morning of June 27th initially has no signifi cance to the reader but later in the story, Old Man Warner shares a saying, Lottery in June, corn be heavy soon. (Jackson 4) This reveals that the timing of the lottery is actually a crucial part of this tradition. Many old religious ceremonies were held at mid-summer time, the timing of the lottery is one of the subtle ways the author suggests that this is an ancient ritual. In conclusion, Shirley Jackson uses literature devices such as symbolism, foreshadowing and setting, to show the reader the consequence of following blindly. The villagers of the town set in, The Lottery, had every opportunity to speak against this obsolete tradition, but their fear of change and going against normality cost the life of an innocent woman. These texts serve as a lesson of the importance of speaking up for what is right, because, though going against social norms can be daunting, with it comes growth and innovation.

Famous Classic Love Quotes to Know

What makes a classic love quote classic? Just because its old doesnt necessarily make a quote or a saying romantic (in fact, some older love quotes dont really age all that well). In Western literature, many a scribe has tried to express his or her love, and plenty of these love quotes have stood the test of time.   Its not easy to know what turns of phrase your beloved will find most appealing, but there are many poems, sonnets, and phrases that have become part of the lexicon. Perhaps its because theyve touched on something in our collective consciousness. In any event, theres no shortage of quotes about love and romance to offer inspiration. Classic Love Quotes from Writers Not every writer is known for having a romantic side, but sometimes the most romantic thoughts come from the least likely voice. Here are some well-known, classic love quotes from famous writers.   All mankind love a lover.― Ralph Waldo Emerson In vain have I struggled. It will not do. My feelings will not be repressed. You must allow me to tell you how ardently I admire and love you.†Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬â€¢ Jane Austen, from Pride and Prejudice. Love consists in this, that two solitudes protect and touch and greet each other.―Rainer Maria Rilke I dont call you handsome, sir, though I love you most dearly: far too dearly to flatter you.―Charlotte Bronte, from Jane Eyre. There is only one happiness in this life: to love and be loved.―George Sand I love those who can smile in trouble, who can gather strength from distress and grow brave by reflection. Tis the business of little minds to shrink, but they whose heart is firm and whose conscience approves their conduct  will pursue their principles unto death.―Leonardo da Vinci Classic Love Quotes from Poets Then, of course, there are the poets, for whom love is a primary preoccupation (at least, for a great many of them). Sometimes love is beautiful and kind, sometimes it is a curse and a scourge, but its always fuel for passionate expression How do I love thee? Let me count the ways. I love thee to the depth and breadth and height My soul can reach― Elizabeth Barrett Browning And seem to walk on wings, and tread in the air.― Alexander Pope I will write the evangel-poem of comrades and of love.― Walt Whitman Love in a hut, with water and a crust, Is - Love, forgive us! - cinders, ashes, dust. ― John Keats There is pleasure in the pathless woods there is a rapture on the lonely shore, there is a society where none intrudes by the deep sea, and music in its roar; I love not Man the less, but Nature more. ― Lord Byron And all my days are trances, And all my nightly dreams Are where thy dark eye glances, And where thy footstep gleams - In what ethereal dances, By what eternal streams.― Edgar Allan Poe For life, with all, it yields of joy and woe, And hope and fear (believe the aged friend), Is just our chance o the prize of learning love How love might be, hath been indeed and is. ― Robert Browning

Descriptive Essay About Italy - 1020 Words

It was a beautiful day in Rome, Italy. The sky was a clear, baby blue and the weather was warm, just hot enough to need a fan in the August day. People were walking on the streets, hand gestures everywhere as if they are so passionate about what they are talking about. I hear ‘Ciao Bella’ and ‘buongiorno’ from the friendly Italians I come across. I know what they are saying and find myself laughing, the mere sound of the language amuses me. Walking down the street, I took note of the siesta time, also known as riposo time in Italy. The stores and restaurants close down from noon until about 3:00 pm, giving people the time to go home and rest or take care of other things. From my room in my hotel, I noticed the acoustics in the city are†¦show more content†¦Our next stop was Colosseum, where our driver Enriqo dropped us off. As we walked up the faded, brown steps, the smell of dirt hit me. People walked back and forth wondering if they get a better view, the dismantled artifacts below will somehow change. The grass below was musty brown, with a hint of faded green as if it was trying to stay alive. Outside near the Colosseum, Enriqo tells us that the Arch of Constantine stands as a historic reminder of Emperor Constantine s defeat over Tyrant Maxentius. Back at the hotel, we had dinner on the roof overlooking a view of the ancient Vatican. The bartender soon realized that my mom and me were Filipino and delivered cocktails free of charge. I had my first alcoholic drink with my mom on the rooftop of my hotel, overlooking the Vatican. By this time the sun was setting, and the sky was a dark, ocean blue, fading into a sea of apricot orange. The next morning, my mom asked if there was anything I wanted to do. I had spent half the night thinking about how to answer that question when a memory popped into my mind. Volterra, Italy. A place I dreamed of going ever since I saw Twilight, New Moon. As we sat in the back seat of our limousine, I watched as the wilted sunflowers passed us by. We drove for three and a half hours on the worn, pebbled roads. Finally, we arrived. The first thing I noticed while walking around the beautiful town was the Teatro Romano, theShow MoreRelatedMy Favorite Food848 Words   |  4 Pages-Here are some guidelines for writing a descriptive essay: Take time to brainstorm If your instructor asks you to describe your favorite food, make sure that you jot down some ideas before you begin describing it. For instance, if you choose pizza, you might start by writing down a few words: sauce, cheese, crust, pepperoni, sausage, spices, hot, melted, etc. Once you have written down some words, you can begin by compiling descriptive lists for each one. Use clear and concise language. Read MoreThe Holocaust and The Final Solution Plan Essay622 Words   |  3 PagesThe Holocaust, it’s such a horrific topic. Why do we study this? The answer I will give at the end of this essay, although, there are many ways people look at the holocaust, different opinions that people have, different understandings. This is my understanding. Holocaust. (The Greek word meaning Whole (Holo), and burnt (Caust). The name although sad, is quite an appropriate name for this event in history, because the Jewish people’s spirt, was almost entirely â€Å"Burnt†. Hitler’s rise to power beganRead MoreRhetorical Analysis Of Alexander Pope s An Essay1310 Words   |  6 PagesAn essay is, generally, a piece of writing that gives the author s own argument — but the definition is vague, overlapping with those of an article, a pamphlet, and a short story. Essays have traditionally been sub-classified as formal and informal. Formal essays are characterized by serious purpose, dignity, logical organization, length, whereas the informal essay is characterized by the personal element (self-revelation, individual tastes and experiences, confidential manner), humor, gracefulRead MoreA Comparative Econometric Analysis Of Museum Attendance By Locals And Foreigners2225 Words   |  9 Pagesparticular questions to b eing answered using quantitative methods. In this paper, quantitative method has some notable advantages, firstly, researchers can apply descriptive statistics in making statements about the data such as participation survey and loyalty determinants. The strength of quantitative research method is providing data that is descriptive, for instance, the authors illustrate the statistical data to highlight the foreign visitors’ attendances by groups of age (Madrigal McClain, 2012). 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Starting from the etymology of the word, the term culture derives from the latin word colà ¨re, that means to farm the land, and only after, this meaning was extended to the term cultus, that stands for a literate man, and there is a connectionRead Moredsfsdsfs4469 Words   |  18 Pagessomething special. It is like a library or a public park. It is like a temple for the mind, a place we can all go to think and learn. To protect our independence, we ll never run ads. We take no government funds. We survive on donations averaging about $30. Now is the time we ask. If everyone reading this gave $3, our fundraiser would be done within an hour. If Wikipedia is useful to you, take one minute to keep it online and ad-free another year. Please help us forget fundraising and get back toRead MoreHistory HL Paper 3 Europe6131 Words   |  25 Pagesreproduced or distributed to any other person without the authorization of IB Cardiff. –3– 1. M08/3/HISTX/HP3/ENG/TZ0/EU/M+ To what extent was the French monarchy both the main cause and the main victim of the 1789 French Revolution? This question is about the French monarchy as an institution, not only Louis XVI, thus the first part of the question needs an analysis of the nature of the monarchy, as head of an outdated feudal system and as a cause of the revolution, as well as of the actions of LouisRead MoreEdgar Allan Poe s The Cask Of Amontillado1559 Words   |  7 Pagessurroundings. He uses words like bleak and dreary to describe the forefront of the narrator s home. Poe also creates a tone of despair when mentioning the narrator’s lost love. He uses terms such as sorrow and sad to describe how the narrator feels about losing his love. The way he uses these terms in the poem seems to give the reader imagery of a very unhappy and dull life that the narrator lives. Poe can also create horrifying and suspenseful tones like he did in his famous short story â€Å"The Pit andRead MoreA Look into the Various Forms of Essay Writing5590 Words   |  23 Pagestheir staff to limits in achieving professional excellence, and this forms the basis of these organisations strategy and competitive advantage over their competitors. It is also important for the organisation to instil confidence among the empl oyees about their future in the organisation and future career growth as an incentive for hard work (Purcell and Boxal, 2003). Shared Values/Superordinate Goals: All members of the organisation share some common fundamental ideas or guiding concepts around which

Ifrs Advantages and Disadvantages free essay sample

In 1999 the Europeian Commission presented its financial services action plan, the implementation of which should contribute to the unification of integrated market for financial services in the EU by 2005. In the areas of financial reporting the action plan proposed that all listed companies report under the same accounting framework (Interdisciplinary journal of contemporary research in business, April 2011, Vol. 2 No12). International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) promises transparent, comparable and consistent financial information to guide investors in making optimal investment decisions (Jacob amp; Madu, 2004). IFRS are standards and interpretations adopted by the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB). IFRS were adopted in 2001 by the European Union and all stock exchange listed companies were required to use them for reporting purposes after the start of fiscal year 2005 (Soderstorm amp; Sun, 2007, p. 675). This paper will consider the advantages and disadvantages of IFRS. Theory: Advantages of IFRS There are several advantages that have been presented in public forums, scholarly articles, news accounts, and other places where discussion of public issues are conducted. We will write a custom essay sample on Ifrs Advantages and Disadvantages or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page A discussion of some of the major advantages follow: IFRS promise more accurate, comprehensive and timely financial statement (International Accounting Policy forum, 2006); this means that all accounting information must be relevant, reliable, comparable, and consistent. For information to be relevant, it needs to be significant enough to influence business decisions. The information should help confirm or correct users’ expectations. However it must be timely to be relevant. (Jane L. Reimers, 2011, p . 53) When the information is reliable, you can depend on it and you can verify its accuracy (Jane L. Reimers, 2011, p . 53) . In order to be reliable the information in the financial statements must be a faithful representation of what you want to accomplish, otherwise it could mislead investors. Comparability means that investors will be able to compare the corresponding financial information between two similar companies(Jane L. Reimers, 2011, p . 53). By this way, in putting together financial statements, accountants must allow for meaningful comparisons. Consistency is the characteristic that makes it possible to track a company’s performance or financial condition from one year to the next. In other words if the company uses the same accounting methods from period to period we are able to make meaningful comparisons. (Jane L. Reimers, 2011, p . 53) By eliminating many international differences in accounting standards, IFRS eliminate many of the adjustments people have made in order to make companies’ financials more comparable internationally. The adoption of IFRS reduced the cost for investors to process financial information. The gain would be extremely important for institutions that create large financial database. International Accounting Policy Forum, 2006). IFRS raises efficiency and it reduces the cost of processing financial information, which the stock market incorporates it in prices. Most investors can be expected to gain from increased market efficiency(International Accounting Policy Forum, 2006). By reducing international differences the accounting standards assists for removing the barriers to cross- border acquisitions, which in theory will rewar d investors with increased takeover premiums (International Accounting Policy Forum, 2006). Disadvantages of IFRS Like everything in life IFRS has disadvantages too. As , I stated above there are several disadvantages that have been presented in public forums, scholarly articles, news accounts, and other places where discussion of public issues are conducted. A discussion of some of the major advantages follows. Despite a belief by some of the inevitability of the global acceptance of IFRS, others believe that U. S. GAAP is the gold standard, and that a certain level of quality will be lost with full acceptance of IFRS. Further, certain U. S. ssuers without significant customers or operations outside the United States may resist IFRS because they may not have a market incentive to prepare IFRS financial statements. (http://www. ifrs. com/updates/aicpa/ifrs_faq. html#q6). A big disadvantage about companies in the US as well as in Macedonia nad the European Union adopting IFRS is that current and future accountants will have to relearn how to do their jobs. Also, IFRS does no t permit Last in First Out (LIFO) as an inventory cost method. However, it is to my knowledge that only a small number of companies, about ten percent still use LIFO. IFRS ideas regarding revenue recognition are more widespread than GAAP containing very little instruction specific to each industry. IFRS uses a single-step method for impairment write-downs compared to the two-step method U. S. GAAP supports. Under the single-step method, write downs are far more likely to take place. Overall, the main and most important difference is the fact that IFRS provides much less specific detail and has fewer requirements in reporting than GAAP does (http://ezinearticles. com/? International-Financial-Reporting-StandardsAdva tages-and-Disadvantagesamp;id=1679687) Manipulation. There is a downside to the flexibility that IFRS allows: companies can utilize only the methods they wish to, allowing the financial statements to show only desired results. This can lead to revenue or profit manipulation, can be used to hide financial problems in the company and can even encourage fraud. For example, changing the method of inventory valuation can bring more income in to the current years profit and loss statement, making the company appear more profitable than it really is. While IFRS requires that changes to the application of the rules must be justifiable, it is often possible for companies to invent reasons for making the changes. Stricter rules would ensure that all companies are valuing their statements the same way (Accounting and Business Research. International Accounting Policy Forum, pp. 29-30. 2006 ) ; (http://www. cbsnews. com/8301-505125_162-28241310/pros-and-cons-of-ifrs/? tag=bnetdomain) ; (http://www. ifrs. com/ifrs_faqs. html) Cost. A small company would be impacted by a countrys adoption of IFRS in the same way a larger one would.

Resarch and Statistics Paper Psy 315 Essay Example

Resarch and Statistics Paper Psy 315 Essay Research and Statistics Paper Psy 315 Define and explain research and define and explain the scientific method (include an explanation of all five steps). Proper Research is primarily an investigation. Researchers and scientists gather data, facts, and knowledge to help better understand phenomenon, events and people. Through research, analysis, investigations, and experimentation, we gain a better understanding of our world. As I skimmed the text to find a definition, I found the word research several times on several of the pages in the first chapter. Research is fundamental to any scientific enterprise and statistics is no exception. The scientific method is the set of procedures that enable scientists and researchers to conduct investigations and experiments. Scientists observe an event and then form a hypothesis. A hypothesis is an educated guess about how something works. These researchers then perform experiments that support the hypothesis or these experiments prove it wrong. A conclusions can be made from the investigations and experiments with the data collected and analyzed. The conclusion helps to prove or disprove validity of the hypothesis. There are several steps that are followed in the scientific method. The steps to this method can be followed by answering questions before and along the way of the investigation. The scientific method can have five steps. The researcher asks themselves these questions and tries o find the answers: 1. What event or phenomenon are we investigating? 2. How does this event occur? A guess as to how the event happens is formed. This is our hypothesis. 3. How can we test this hypothesis? The experimenter then tests the hypothesis through experiments. 4. Are the results looking valid? We will write a custom essay sample on Resarch and Statistics Paper Psy 315 specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Resarch and Statistics Paper Psy 315 specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Resarch and Statistics Paper Psy 315 specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The researcher records the observations. Does the experiment need to be changed? Possibly, the researcher adjusts the experiment as the data helps to fine tune the investigation. 5. Does the data support the hypothesis? The researcher analyzes the data. The analysis will have statistical information that is crucial to the investigator. Without statistics, there can be no real scientific analysis of the investigation or experiment. The analysis will tell the researcher if the hypothesis is supported or if they are in essence incorrect. Authors: Cowens, John Source: Teaching Pre K-8, Aug/Sep2006, Vol. 7 Issue 1, p42-46, 3p, 6 Color Photographs, 1 Graph Informastion from: Cowens, J. (2006, August/September). The scientific method. Teaching PreK-8, 37(1), 42. Define and substantively compare and contrast the characteristics of primary and secondary data (not sources). There are two ways that researchers obtain data, primary and secondary. Primary data is collected by the person conductin g the investigation. Secondary data is collected from other sources. Primary data is information collected that is specifically geared toward the investigation. This specificity is a plus for primary data. Primary data can be expensive to collect due to the expense of experimentation and surveys. The man hours can be high and the cost can be high. The time it takes to collect original data can be long and grueling. Secondary data can be a good resource due to the ease of availability. Secondary data can be less expensive and less time consuming. However, secondary data may be information that is not as specific to the investigation or collected for a different specific purpose. Rabianski J. Primary and Secondary Data: Concepts, Concerns, Errors, and Issues. Appraisal Journal [serial online]. January 2003;71(1):43. Available from: Business Source Complete, Ipswich, MA. Accessed March 11, 2013 Explain the role of statistics in research. (Keep the focus within the field of psychology). - Statistics plays a very large role in the field of psychology. Statistics is vital to research in any field of science. Before statistics and even now, people want to know if there is a real cause and effect when they experience an event. Early man (let’s call him Grog) would step out of his drab cave in the early morning. Grog would perhaps spot an eagle soaring across a beautiful clear blue sky. Our early man, Grog may then have a great day of hunting. Later, Grog would reflect and think about his good day and remember the early morning eagle. Grog would tell and possibly re-tell the tale to his fellow cave people. The appearance of the early morning eagle would become a â€Å"clear† and significant sign or omen that the day’s hunt would be good. This would be especially true if the omen appeared and the hunt was good more than once. Is this statistically significant? Grog did not have the proper tools ( not paper or stone or computer) nor the brain power to do the statistical procedures on his observations. This appearance and the resulting good hunt could be a real significant event with true cause and effect or it could be pure chance and be nothing more than flimsy anecdotal evidence. Unfortunately for Grog, he did not have statistics or the expertise to perform the required investigations of proper research. Often, psychologists want to know what a person will do when confronted with a certain situation or stimulus or event. With inferential statistics researchers/psychologists use the information/data to infer or to make a conclusion based on the data from the research. â€Å"Probability† is derived from inferential statistics. How probable is it that a person will act a certain way can be answered through inferential/probability studies. - The Cult of Statistical Significance By Stephen T. Ziliak and Deirdre N. McCloskey1 - Roosevelt University and University of Illinois-Chicago - â€Å"The Cult of Statistical Significance† was presented at the Joint Statistical Meetings, Washington, DC, August 3rd, 2009, in a contributed session of the Section on Statistical Education. For comments Ziliak thanks many individuals, but especially Sharon Begley, Ronald Gauch, Rebecca Goldin, Danny Kaplan, Jacques Kibambe Ngoie, Sid Schwartz, Tom Siegfried, Arnold Zellner and above all Milo Schield for organizing an eyebrow-raising and standing-room only session. - - Psychological Research Methods and Statis tics Edited by Andrew M. Colman 1995, London and New York: Longman. Pp. xvi + 123. ISBN 0-582-27801-5 Research in psychology or in any other scientific field invariably begins with a question in search of an answer. The question may be purely factual for example, is sleep-walking more likely to occur during the stage of sleep in which dreams occur, namely rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, than in dreamless (slow-wave) sleep? Alternatively, it may be a practical question for example, can the use of hypnosis to recover long-forgottenexperiences increase the likelihood of false memories? According to current research findings, incidentally, the answers to these questions are no and yes respectively. ) A research question may arise from mere curiosity, from a theory that yields a prediction, or from previous research findings that raise a new question. Whatever its origin, provided that it concerns behaviour or mental experience and that it can be expressed in a suitable form for investigatio n by empirical methods that is, by the collection of objective evidence it is a legitimate question for psychological research. Psychological research relies on a wide range of methods. This is partly because it is such a diverse discipline, ranging from biological aspects of behaviour to social psychology and from basic research questions to problems that arise in such applied fields as clinical, educational, and industrial or occupational psychology. Most psychological research methods have the ultimate goal of answering empirical questions about behaviour or mental experience through controlled observation. But different questions call for different research methods, because the nature of a question often constrains the methods that can be used to answer it. This volume discusses a wide range of commonly used methods of research and statistical analysis. The most powerful research method is undoubtedly controlled experimentation. The reason for the unique importance of controlled experiments in psychology is not that they are necessarily any more objective or precise than other methods, but that they are capable of providing firm evidence regarding cause-and-effect relationships, which no other research method can provide. The defining features of the experimental method are manipulation and control. The experimenter manipulates the conjectured causal factor (called the independent variable because it is manipulated independently of other variables) and examines its effects on a suitable measure of the behaviour of interest, called the dependent variable. In multivariate research designs, the interactive effects of several independent variables on two or more dependent variables may be studied simultaneously. In addition to manipulating the independent variable(s) and observing the effects on the dependent variable(s), the experimenter controls all other extraneous variables that might influence the results. Controlled experimentation thus combines the twin features of manipulation (of independent variables) and control (of independent and extraneous variables). In psychological experiments, extraneous variables can seldom be controlled directly. One reason for this is that people differ from one another in ways that affect their behaviour. Even if these individual differences were all known and understood, they could not be suppressed or held constant while the effects of the independent variable was being examined. This seems to rule out the possibility of experimental control in most areas of psychology, but in the 1920s the British statistician Ronald Aylmer Fisher discovered a remarkable solution to this problem, called randomization. To understand the idea behind randomization, imagine that the experimenter wishes to test the hypothesis that the anti-depressive drug Prozac (fluoxetine hydrochloride) causes an increase in aggressiveness. The independent variable is ingestion of Prozac and the dependent variable is a score on some suitable test of aggressiveness. The experimenter could assign subjects to two treatment conditions strictly at random, by drawing their names out of a hat, for example, and could then treat the two groups identically apart from the manipulation of the independent variable. Before being tested for aggressiveness, the experimental group could be given a pill containing Prozac and the control group a placebo (an inactive dummy pill). The effect of the randomization would be to control, at a single stroke, for allextraneous variables, including ones of that the researcher had not even considered. For example, if two-thirds of the subjects were women, then each group would end up roughly two-thirds female, and if some of the subjects had criminal records for offences involving violence, then these people would probably be more or less even divided between the experimental and control groups, especially if the groups were large. Randomization would not guarantee that the two groups would be identical but merely that they would tend to be roughly similar on all extraneous variables. More precisely, randomization would ensure that any differences between the groups were distributed strictly according to the laws of chance. Therefore, if the two groups turned out to differ on the test of aggressiveness, this difference would have to be due either to the independent variable (the effect of Prozac) or to chance. This explains the purpose and function of inferential statistics in psychology. For any specified difference, a statistical test enables a researcher to calculate the probability or odds of a difference as large as that arising by chance alone. In other words, a statistical test tells us the probability of such a large difference arising under the null hypothesisthat the independent variable has no effect. If a difference is observed in an experiment, and if the probability under the null hypothesis of such a large difference arising by chance alone is sufficiently small (by convention, usually less than 5 per cent, often written p . 05), then the researcher is entitled to conclude with confidence that the observed difference is due to the independent variable. This conclusion can be drawn with confidence, because if the difference is not due to chance, then it must be due to the independent variable, provided that the experiment was properly controlled. The logical connection between randomized experimentation and inferential statistics is explained in greater depth in Colman (1988, chap. 4). A grasp of the elements of statistics is necessary for psychologists, because research findings are generally reported in numerical form and analysed statistically. In some areas of psychology, including naturalistic observations and case-studies (see below), qualitative research methods are occasionally used, and research of this kind requires quite different methods of data collection and analysis. For a survey of the relatively uncommon but none the less important qualitative research methods, including ethnography, personal construct approaches, discourse analysis, and action research, see the book by Banister, Burman, Parker, Taylor, and Tindall (1994). In chapter 1 of this volume, David D. Stretch introduces the fundamental ideas behind experimental design in psychology. He begins by explaining the appropriate form of a psychological research question and how incorrectly formulated questions can sometimes be transformed into questions suitable for experimental investigation. He then discusses experimental control, problems of sampling and randomization, issues of interpretability, plausibility, generalizability, and communicability, and proper planning of research. Stretch concludes his chapter with a discussion of the subtle and complex problems of measurement in psychology. He uses an extremely instructive example to show how two different though equally plausible measures of a dependent variable can lead to completely different in fact, mutually contradictory conclusions. Chapter 2, by Brian S. Everitt, is devoted entirely to analysis of variance designs. These are by far the most common research designs in psychology. Everitts discussion covers one-way designs, which involve the manipulation of only one independent variable; factorial designs, in which two or more independent variables are manipulated simultaneously; and within-subject repeated-measure designs, in which instead of being randomly assigned to treatment conditions, the same subjects are used in all conditions. Chapter 2 concludes with a discussion of analysis of covariance, a technique designed to increase the sensitivity of analysis of variance by controlling statistically for one or more extraneous variables called covariates. Analysis of covariance is sometimes used in the hope of compensating for the failure to control extraneous variables by randomization, but Everitt discusses certain problems caused by such use. In chapter 3, A. W. MacRae provides a detailed discussion of the ideas behind statistics, both descriptive and inferential. Descriptive statistics include a variety of methods of summarizing numerical data in ways that make them more easily interpretable, including diagrams, graphs, and numerical summaries such as means (averages), standard deviations (measures of variability), correlations (measures of the degree to which two variables are related to each other), and so forth. Inferential statistical methods are devoted to interpreting data and enabling researchers to decide whether the results of their experiments are statistically significant or may be explained by mere chance. MacRae includes a brief discussion of Bayesian methods, which in contrast to classical statistical methods are designed to answer the more natural question: How likely is it that such-and-such a conclusion is correct? For more information on Bayesian methods, the book by Lee (1989) is strongly recommended: it explains the main ideas lucidly without sidestepping difficulties Inferential Statistics For descriptive statistics such as correlation, the â€Å"mean,† or average, and some others that will be considered in context later in the book, the purpose is to describe or summarize aspects of behavior to understand them better. Inferential statistics start with descriptive ones and go further in allowing researchers to draw meaningful conclusions — especially in experiments. These procedures are beyond the scope of this book, but the basic logic is helpful in understanding how psychologists know what they know. Again recalling Banduras experiment of observational learning of aggression, consider just the model-punished and model-rewarded groups. It was stated that the former children imitated few behaviors and the latter significantly more. What this really means is that, based on statistical analysis, the difference between the two groups was large enough and consistent enough to be unlikely to have occurred simply by â€Å"chance. † That is, it would have been a long shot to obtain the observed difference if what happened to the model wasnt a factor. Thus, Bandura and colleagues discounted the possibility of chance alone and concluded that what the children saw happen to the model was the cause of the difference in their behavior. Psychologists study what people tend to do in a given situation, recognizing that not all people will behave as predicted — just as the children in the model-rewarded group did not all imitate all the behaviors. In a nutshell, the question is simply whether a tendency is strong enough — as assessed by statistics — to warrant a conclusion about cause and effect. This logic may seem puzzling to you, and it isnt important that you grasp it to understand the many experiments that are noted throughout this book. Indeed, it isnt mentioned again. The point of mentioning it at all is to underscore that people are far less predictable than chemical reactions and the like, and therefore have to be studied somewhat differently — usually without formulas. 1. 1 Determine appropriate measures based on an operational definition for research tools. Researchers utilize the method of operational definition to better tailor their research. They must know what all of the variables are, how to measure these variables and how they fit into the study. They must make sure that they are actually studying what they say they are studying. The definitions/parameters of the variables must be strictly defined. 1. 2 Select appropriate data collection methods to investigate psychological research problems. The research methods and the way all experimentations are collected must be done in a scientific, logical and ethical manner. Most research methods are either non-experimental, experimental, or quasi-experimental. These are separated by the number and extent of the of controls used. The controls help to account for the effect of variable use on the non-control or experiment group. 1. Examine the differences between descriptive and inferential statistics and their use in the social sciences. When a chart or graph (the shape of a distribution) is described in words, then one is using â€Å"descriptive statistics†. These descriptions can help to summarize and analyze a large amount of data. With inferential statistics researchers/psychologists use the information/data to infer or to make a conclusion based on the dat a from the research. â€Å"Probability† is derived from inferential statistics. How probable is it that a person will act a certain way can be answered through inferential/probability studies. REFERENCES: Aron, A. , Aron, E. , ; Coups, E. (2006). Statistics for psychology (4th ed. ). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson/Allyn Bacon. Cowens, J. (2006). The scientific method. Teaching PreK-8, 37(1), 42. Hawthorne, G. (2003). The effect of different methods of collecting data: Mail, telephone and filter data collection issues in utility measurement. Quality of Life Research, 12(8), 1081. McPherson, G. R. (2001). Teaching ; learning the scientific method. The American Biology Teacher, 63(4), 242. .

Equal opportunity in the workplace is a myth

Equal opportunity in the workplace is a myth Introduction Equal opportunity in the workplace entails the act of treating employees fairly without prejudice and discrimination. The notion of equal opportunities in the workplace is based on the principle that all employees should be given a level playing field in the workplace irrespective of their gender, race or attribute.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Equal opportunity in the workplace is a myth? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Equal opportunity in the workplace is a myth as many organizations have not fully embraced the concept. The art of managing employees in the organization is mainly about managing their diversity. Each employee is usually different with different ethnic background, gender, age and race. Whether the employee is disabled or not, he or she has different skills, values, attitudes and expectations and therefore equal opportunity in the workplace is aimed at maximizing the potentials of ind ividuals (McKenzie Baker, 2006, 14). Why equal opportunity in the workplace is a myth The following explains why equal opportunity in the workplace is a myth rather than a reality in many organizations today; In many organizations, employment equity is lacking i.e. many organizations have not fully embraced the practice of hiring minorities or women. Many organizations worldwide do not hire, promote, support or value female employees equally to men. Instead, these organizations do not take into account an important resource in a business environment that is competitive. Many companies have chosen to disregard women or the minority and only a few companies have extended their recruitment pool to embrace women in the workplace. The lack of employment equity among organizations implies that these companies lacks a competitive edge due to the fact that they fail to select the most experienced, talented and creative employees as a result of their gender. Diversity in organizations is as sociated with a cost reduction, increase in productivity, an increase in the market share and improved management quality.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The few companies that have realized the importance of diversity in the workplace has initiated new equity plans. Employment equity is however least in many developing countries as only a few proportions of women hold managerial positions. In addition, only a few women in these countries have access to learning opportunities to train them for the managerial jobs. In industrialized nations, women aspiring to hold managerial positions face barriers with regards to full participation such as lack of access to resources particularly to jobs that offer wages and promotional opportunities similar to men. In most instances, women face barriers in participating in management as a result of such factors as race and ethnic ity and the employing industry (Kainer, 2006, 25). Equal opportunity is a myth due to the fact that many organizations across the globe have hired unqualified workers and thus locking out qualified employees. Many organizations have resulted into hiring workers who are not qualified for the sake of reaching some numerical objectives. Equal opportunity is not all about placing a person in a job due to the association that he or she has but it is all about encouraging recruitment and retention of persons who have qualified. Most organizations have adopted affirmative action programs in an effort to ensure that there is equal opportunity in the workplace. Whereas affirmative action has the effect of ensuring that there is equal representation, it has some limitations such as hiring unqualified individuals. Organizations thus ends up hiring individuals who are unqualified as a result of the protected class status and this is illegal since qualified people ends up being not considered fo r the same positions. Therefore, equal opportunity is a myth and not a reality since affirmative action often leads to preferential treatment in employment as it does not consider ability and competence characteristics of a worker. Although affirmative action increases the number of women in sectors where they are underrepresented, the individuals who are hired under the affirmative action programs are usually perceived by others as less competent (Weston, 2002, 8-10). Equal opportunities in the workplace are a myth as most organizations are faced with the challenge of accommodating employees with disabilities. Most organizations particularly in low developed countries have not structured their workforces so that it is representative. People with disabilities have not benefited by securing employment opportunities in greater numbers.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Equal opportunity in the workplace is a myth? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Also, there are inequalities with regards to the incomes earned by people with disability as opposed to the salaries that is earned by their counterparts who are not disabled. In developed nations, diversity has not occurred in the workplace too and people with disability are usually not treated the same with the rest of the employees. The rate of unemployment among the persons with disabilities has remained relatively high over the years. The truth of the matter is that organizations fears that their insurance costs will rise if they hire persons with disabilities. Other organizations refrains from accepting working with disabled persons as they consider them to be unsafe workers who are accident prone. Other employers consider these persons to be unproductive as they have high rates of absenteeism.Persons with disabilities are usually not given equal employment opportunities in such jobs as medicine, nursing, dentistry and allied health professions, eng ineering, law, teaching among others. Therefore, the equal opportunity in the workplace is a myth and not a reality as people with disabilities are not accommodated in many organizations across the globe (Anderson, 2010, 5). Also, the equal opportunity in the workplace is a myth due to the biographic influences, family experiences, personal characteristics and the number of hours worked that causes people to experience an imbalance between home and work life. The biographical influences that affect the work-life balance include gender and family characteristics. Usually, women experiences work-life conflicts than men. The personal characteristics that have an effect on work-life balances include life and job involvement. The number of hours worked also contributes to the imbalance between home and work life. Imbalance that exists between home and work usually occurs in three main areas i.e. life and job satisfaction, physical and psychological health and desire to leave and organiza tional commitment. A clear balance between home and work requires to be maintained. Many organizations lacks a clear cut between home and work and this leads to job dissatisfaction among the employees. This also causes physical and psychological health problems. Many organizations fail to assist their employees to manage the balance between work and home. Most employers do not recognize the impact of maintaining a balance between work and home life on their employees. In many organizations, work-life policies are not developed evenly. Also; organizations are concerned that the compulsory leaves that are required for everyone will be used for leisure activities. The equal opportunity in the workplace is therefore a myth as many employers do not maintain a balance between work and home life on their employees particularly the women workers and thus causing job dissatisfaction (Reddy, 2007, 11).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Equal opportunity in the workplace is a myth due to the fact that there is too much bullying and work-related stress among organizations. Many organizations across the globe have reported cases s in stress and depression amongst their workforce. Usually, employees in their mid thirties in high stress jobs are likely to experience anxiety or depression as compared to those who are in low-stress jobs. Many human resource departments do not put policies aimed at countering the work-related stress. There is lack of consistency as some staff is provided withy better support than others. Employees who are supported usually have a feeing that their issues are addressed by their managers and so, they have lower rates of developing work-related stress. Most organizations do not take demonstrate a just and fair approach when supporting their workforce and hence equal opportunity in the workplace is just but a myth. With regards to bullying, many people are bullied everyday and this has contri buted to stress-related sicknesses amongst the employees in most organizations. Many employees results to committing suicides as a result of being bullied by others in the workplace. Bullying results to an abuse of position and power and so, it signifies that there is a problem within the organization (Lutgen-Sandvik, Sypher, 2009, 1-3). Many human resource managers fail to intervene early and hence a person tenders his or her resignation or he or she goes off sick (Laura Reese, 2004). Bullying in the workplace occurs in various forms among them blocking developments and job opportunities, being excluded from meetings, malicious actions and rumors, victimizing and undermining employees, setting unrealistic expectations, setting workloads that are unrealistic, setting unachievable timescales among others. As a result of being bullied, a large number of employees suffer from stress and depression and are thus unable to continue serving in the organization. Their mental and physical health as well as their financial circumstances is also affected and hence the notion that equal opportunity in the workplace is a myth (Leka, Griffiths, Cox, 2003, 8). The other aspect that shows that equal opportunity in the workplace is a myth is through discipline and grievance. In many firms, the procedures for handling disciplines and grievances seldom go hand-in-hand. In most cases, the procedures of airing grievances address quite different aspects and thus, the employee’s performance in relation to his or her role is affected. For instance, an employee’s efficiency may be impaired following a long-standing sickness which is exclusively out of his or her control. In many organizations, the overall objective of discipline and grievance is punitive rather than encouraging appropriate behavioral changes so that the employees can improve in their workplaces. Therefore, disciplinary procedures do not help in promoting fairness regarding the way the employees are tr eated in the workplace and hence the notion that equal opportunity in the workplace is just but a myth (Lowenstein, 2001, 7). Also, employees are usually not informed of the complaints against them and so, they are deprived of the opportunity to narrate their cases before certain decisions can be concluded. Most employees are usually dismissed for their first disciplinary offences even if their case does not result to gross misconduct. They are also not provided with an opportunity of appealing and so; equal opportunity in the workplace is just but a myth. Grievance procedures forms important components of human resource processes as they ensure that the employees are given an opportunity of bringing to notice cases where they feel that they have not been treated in a fair manner. Very often, organizations do not consider the grievances that are raised by the employees. With regards to grievance procedures, there are various issues that do not amount to equal opportunities in the wo rkplace such as; many employees lack confidence as far as the grievance system is concerned. The employees do not believe that their issues will be taken into consideration once they raise them before the management. Most people lack confidence as they hold the view that they will get punished as a result of raising their issues and hence the notion those equal opportunities in the workplace are a myth. In many organizations, employees with disabilities do not have an equal access to the grievance procedures as they are not supported. This is so especially where the grievances require being in writing. The situation is even worse as they find it hard to express them in a case where English is not the first language of employees with disability. Therefore, equal opportunity in the workplace is just but a myth (Nuclear Decommissioning Authority, 2008, 6-7). The other reason as to why equal opportunity in the workplace is a myth is the failure by many organizations to embrace the cultu re of performance management. Organizations that fail to embrace the culture of performance management in their workplace do not provided their workforce with an opportunity to work at optimum level. Also many organizations do not set objectives at employee’s level and thus the employee is not rewarded as a result of his or her achievements in the organization (Martinez, 2000, 3-5). Conclusion However, there are few organizations that have ensured that there is equal opportunity in the workplace is a reality and not a myth. For instance, the past few years has seen female workers entering the labor market in larger proportions. Employees with disabilities have also been accorded a level playing field with those who are not disabled. Despite these, most organizations have not fully embraced the culture of equal opportunity in the workplace and therefore, the concept has remained a myth (Nielsen, 2006, 5). Reference List Anderson, T., 2010. Ability Matters: Gaining the Competit ive Edge by Achieving  Diversity in the Workplace. A guide to employing qualified people with disabilities. California: The Arc of California. Kainer, J., 2006.Gendering Union Renewal: Women’s Contributions to Labor  Movement Revitalization. California: Gender and Work Database. Laura, G Reese, A., 2004. Equity in the workplace: gendering workplace policy analysis. California: Lexington Books. Leka, S, Griffiths, A Cox, T., 2003. Work Organizations Stress: Systeatic  Problem Approaches for Employers, Managers and Trade Union Representatives. Issue No.3. Nottingham: University of Nottingham. Lowenstein, D., 2001.Violence in the workplace: American Psychological  Association.  Web. Lutgen-Sandvik, I Sypher, B., 2009. Destructive Organizational  Communication. Nottingham: University of Nottingham. Martinez, J., 2000. Assessing Quality, Outcome and Performance  Management. London: The Institute for Health Sector Development. McKenzie, S Baker, B., 2006. Worldwi de Guide to Termination, Employment  Discrimination, and Workplace Harassment Laws. Available at https://digitalcommons.ilr.cornell.edu/lawfirms/14/ Nielsen, J., 2006.The leaderless organization. Axminster: Triachy Press. Nuclear Decommissioning Authority., 2008.Discrimination and Diversity  Policy.Vol.1.Issue No.15.EDRMS. Reddy, K., 2007.The Opt-Out Revolution by Women in Management: Myth or? Pretoria: Graduate School of Business Leadership University of South Africa. Weston, P., 2002.Workplace Sabotage. Workplace Bullying: Causes,  Consequences and Corrections. New York: Rouledge, Issue No.2 Vol.5.STP

The Surf Shoppe in the Cloud Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The Surf Shoppe in the Cloud - Assignment Example Their design of these data protection servers assure elimination of points of failure that can be recovered to an acceptable state and point in time in case of site loss, server or data. Following are some of the advantages of single highly protected servers: Centralization: They are centrally controlled and are held by a central administration. They architected with a central control design. They assist in administrating the entire set through a single central unit. Server is wholly responsible for access rights and resource allocation. Proper Management: All the resource files are stored and saved in the single destination. This makes file management real easy and locating files and accessing them becomes real easy. Back-Up and Recovery Possible: Since the entire data is saved and stored on the server, it makes it easy to make their back-ups. Backups do not have to be carried to every workstation. Alongside, if some unforeseen event or breakdown leads to data loss, it can be easily and efficiently recovered. Up gradation and scalability in client Server Head: Incase of the need of changes, they are easy to be made through simple server up gradation. If further any new changes are to be made or added, they can be made by making simple changes to the server. Accessibility: The server can be assessed remotely from various platforms in the network. Security: At the set up server time rules defining security and access rights are defined. However, the protected server incorporated by the Surf Shoppe Project Manager can face certain disadvantages. Some of them are following: Congestion in Network: When there are too many requests from the customers and server needs rapid enhancements, it can lead to congestion. As the total bandwidth of the network does not increase as the number of peers increase, overload can lead to breaking down of server. Not Robust: These single highly protected servers are very robust or strong. If the server fails, the whole network might g o down. Further, in case of abandonment of the server because of some error during file downloading, downloading gets affected altogether. Even no broken parts of the file can be accessed. Costly and Difficult to set up: The cost of their setup is real expensive since installing this type involves high cost and is equally complex to set up. It can only be done by professionals and consultants. (Davies, 2008; Commvault, 2013) 2. Provide a recommendation for the additional equipment they should have to guarantee high availability and reliable application, file, and print services (e.g., NAS, RAID, etc.). As an additional equipment to guarantee high availability and reliability of applications, NAS is highly recommendable. NAS stands for Network attached Storage. It is an additional storage volume accessible over a network. They are incorporate with all the essential features of a common personal computer based server. It can provide centralized back up, file sharing, print sharing and remote access. Just simply within the capacity of a single unit, NAS can be a centralized file, print server, backup target and a lot more. It also is capable of the following, Photo and video sharing. Surveillance System. Time machine support along with iTunes and iPhone applications. Website Hosting. Expansion enclosures. 3. Sam Ayam suggests that you consider using a private cloud concept for maintaining data confidentiality, integrity, and availability (CIA) between the Surf Shoppe and MegaCorp

How to Improve Creativity Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 10

How to Improve Creativity - Case Study Example It is evidently clear from the discussion that one of the ways in which one can improve their self-control in a particular field would be to learn how to handle stress without losing control. An individual can stop and take a few breaths every time that they feel they are about to lose control or too stressed. This will ensure that we manage always to maintain calm in all situations. The researcher would recommend that an individual gets enough to sleep every day to ensure that you do not overwork the brain. Most scientific research carried out over the years have proved that people who get enough sleep are often more productive and happier. Last, the author would recommend self-affirmation now and then and try to keep negative thoughts. Constantly encouraging oneself will most likely help in ensuring that one keeps trying no matter how many times they may fail until they finally get it right. Positive people are most likely to accomplish more as compared to pessimists.

Indian tribe`s inherent sovereign authority Essay Example for Free

Indian tribe`s inherent sovereign authority Essay INTRODUCTION: U.S Chief Justice John Marshall, in his milestone trilogy of   his decisions on Indian law in 1] Cherokee Nation v.Georgia 2] Johnson v.Mclntosh and 3] Worcester v. Georgia framed the foundation for Indian law viz. Indian tribes are under the trust protection of the federal government which stands good even today. As such, many tribes are enjoying the quasi-sovereignty status and have organized their own governments together with functional legislative, executive and judicial branches. Indian tribal courts function more or less in their Anglo-American colleagues and offer an intra-tribal tool for dispute resolution. The Supreme Court held in â€Å"Oliphant v.Suquanmish Indian Tribe â€Å"that for want of congressional action, tribes lacks inherent jurisdiction to punish outsiders.   Congress yet to legislatively recognize the Oliphant by extending jurisdiction to tribal courts to try criminally any non-Indians for the felony committed in the Indian regions This research paper will divulge how this jurisdictional predicament causes a practicable problem in United States Judiciary and possible ways and means to address the issue. INDIAN SOVEREIGN AUTHORITY TO EXERCISE CRIMINAL JURISDICTION OVER NON-INDIANS- AN ANALYSIS: Crimes against native Indians are unleashed by non-Indians on daily basis. Crimes committed by non-Indians are cognizable offence that can be prosecuted only by federal district court by federal prosecutors. Unfortunately, many federal prosecutors have abandoned their duty to pursue crimes in Indian country committed by non-Indians due to overburden. The emergence of the Indian courts owed its origin to the tribal justice systems that predate the European settlement of America. On the basis of the age old convention, Congress has recognized the sovereign authority of tribes to maintain their own courts. But, Congress has limited that sovereignty as tribal courts have little jurisdiction over non-Indians .This is mainly intended to ensure that Indians are guaranteed the same constitutional rights as other Americans. As a result, tribal courts over the last two decades have lost their elite authority to try cases involving grave felonies and to enforce criminal penalties on non-Indians. In the year 1990, Supreme Court stripped Indian tribal courts of the power to hear cases involving Indians of a different tribe. But the Senate Select Committee on Indian Affairs later voted to reinstate that right to tribes for the next two years. [1992 to 1994]. In 1968, Congress established the Indian Civil Rights Act to offer on tribes requirements akin to those found in the Bill of Rights. There are about 147 tribal courts that exercise jurisdiction over nearly two million Indians in the United States in the year 1992. Tribal courts have exclusive jurisdiction over civil cases that arise between Indians on the reservations. But, if the plaintiff or defendant is other than Indian, state courts may have a simultaneous or even exclusive exercise rights to hear the case. In, â€Å"Oliphant v.Suquamish Indian Tribe† , 435 U.S, 55 L.Ed , 2d , 98 S.Ct, 48 U.S.L.W .4210 it was held that no inherent rights is ascribed to any Indian tribal courts to prosecute and punish non-Indians for offenses committed on Indian lands. It was the contention of the Indian tribes that jurisdiction is automatically conferred on them for trying any offenses of criminal nature on non-Indians in tribal lands as Supreme court made an opinion describing Indian tribes as â€Å" quasi –sovereign entities’. However, Supreme Court has observed in the present case that whenever efforts have been exercised in the past, it has been observed that there exists no jurisdiction. The tribal is having no authority to try non-Indians as it was established by earlier judicial opinions and also according to the general view of the executive authorities. But Judge Marshall, joined by the Chief justice dissented in the above case by taking the view that the power of preserve order on the reservation was a sine quo non of sovereignty that the Suquamish originally possessed. He further noted that in the absence of positive extraction of such rights by any treaty or statue ,the tribal enjoy as a necessary aspect of their sovereignty the right to try and punish all persons who commit offenses against tribal law within the reservation. In the past years, several Supreme Court rulings have drastically delineated the power of American Indians to govern their territories. The High Court ruled in 1978 that tribal courts cannot prosecute whites or other non-Indians for some felonies committed on tribal land. In one case, the justice held that a tribal court has no jurisdiction over crimes committed on that tribe’s land by members of another tribe. There are certain rulings that restricted Indian authority in taxation and zoning. Tribal leaders argue that U.S government apparent move away from recognizing ‘inherent sovereignty â€Å"of the Indian nations, which predate the arrival of whites to this continent makes them to worry. Though, the tribal leaders were not asking to overturn the Supreme Court’s ruling in Oliphant v. Squamish Indian Tribe but they were demanding to overturn the High Court rulings in Duro V. Reina, which prohibited the Salt River Prima-Maricopa Indian Community in Arizona from prosecuting on a misdemeanor of weapons charge by an Indian man who lived in Salt River but was a member of a tribe in California. Thus, the rulings left a judicial void in states that do not assume jurisdiction over such misdemeanors and Congress temporarily restored jurisdiction to the tribes during 1990. 2.1 CRIMINAL JURISDICTION TO TRY NON –INDIANS TO COMBAT TERRORIST THREAT: In their effort to revive an amendment to the Homeland Security Act that would offer criminal jurisdiction over non-Indians to combat terrorist threats on Indian lands. But opponents were of the view that it will topple a 25-years –old Supreme Court decision â€Å" limiting and defining Indian sovereignty â€Å" and could lead to tribal power grabs which may affect of millions of non-Indians. Further, there is a proposal to reclassify the tribal governments as â€Å"states â€Å"under HSA law which facilitate tribes to receive sufficient federal funding and technical expertise to play a meaningful role in fighting terrorism. During 2003, the Senate Indian Affairs committee tried to add some amendments to homeland security bill but it was not successful as some group hit the panic button claiming that amendment would authorise control over all people for all purposes. The vested group fears that there would be other jurisdictional grabs by the tribal governments and tribes could exert authority over non-Indians by ignoring the fact that non-Indians cannot vote in tribal elections. The proposed amendment which has been officially designated as S.578 and the department itself has supported the first 12 sections of the amendment or those that would authorise the reclassification of tribal governments as states [not local government] in dealing with terrorism. But as per Heffelfinger, who is also chairman of the Attorney General Advisory Committee’s Native American issues subcommittee commented that the departments itself is not supporting section 13 , which would offer tribes the power to â€Å" enforce and adjudicate violations of civil , criminal and regulatory laws committed by any person on land under the jurisdiction of an Indian tribal government. But, as per 2000 census, non –Indians account for more than 48% of reservation residents who live on or near Indian reservations from discrimination â€Å"by state, federal or tribal government or their policies. Some critics view the proposed amendment to the Homeland Security Act violates the 1978 â€Å"Oliphant v.Suquamish Indian Tribe† rulings where Supreme Court observed that tribes do not have criminal jurisdiction to try and punish non-Indians. In real situation, the state or federal government is toothed with the power to arrest and try criminal offenders who are not Indians on Indian lands.   In other words, there is no need to arm the tribal government to initiate criminal proceedings on non-Indians on tribal lands as the state or federal government has adequate power to execute the same. [1] 2.2 OVERBURDENS OF FEDERAL COURTS: One the problem faced by tribal is that some of the felonies committed by non-Indians on tribal have been let off due to overburden of cases in federal courts and Supreme Court judgment which   had declared that non-Indians can not be prosecuted by the tribal courts. For instance, military courts do not have jurisdiction to prosecute the civilians who have infringed military’s interest. In such cases, â€Å"special assistant United States attorneys† [SAUSA’s] have the authority to prosecute such violators who have committed crimes against military personnel and property. The same strategy can be followed in the tribal cases also. Thus, the department should authorize Indian prosecutors to sue in the federal courts for the crimes committed by the non-Indians within Indian country.   2.3 USE OF MEHTAMPHETAMINE: Another issue encountered by the American tribes and tribal groups is their relentless fight against use of methamphetamine which they regard an epidemic on tribal lands. Lummi Nation of Washington, an American tribe is waging war with meth by imposing rigorous punishment to offenders. Some tribes are addressing the issue through new drug courts. Methamphetamine production and trafficking on tribal reservation with huge geographic areas or tribes adjacent to the U.S. –Mexico border is rampant. As the tribal states enjoy sovereign status, criminals are generally not subject to state jurisdiction in most of the cases. As the local law enforcement authorities have no jurisdiction in Indian country and tribal law enforcement agencies take the responsibility to enforce the relevant law enforcement functions. To combat the use of meth in tribal areas, Indian Tribes Methamphetamine Act of 2007 and Indian Tribes Methamphetamine Reduction Grants Act of 2007 were introduced in January 2007.   The legislation would permit Indian tribes to be eligible for funding through the department of Justice to exterminate the scourge of meth production, sale and usage in Native American communities. Enough safeguard measures are built in to avoid any potential misrepresentation of the above legislations. It has been clearly stated in section 2 [a] [4] of the bill , the Department of Justice’s Bureau of Justice Assistance is toothed with power to award grant funds to a state ,territory or Indian tribe to â€Å" explore ,detain and indict individuals â€Å"   involved in illegal meth activities. Further, it does not authorize a grantee state, Indian tribe or state to pursue law enforcement activities that it otherwise has short of jurisdictional authority to pursue. 2.4 PUBLIC LAW 280 Normally, states do not have jurisdiction over the internal legal of the sovereign tribal governments. Under certain circumstances, Congress has extended special exceptions this general principle. Under Public Law 280, six states were given exclusive jurisdiction over the Indian country within the state borders. Thus, states like New York, Kansas have the exclusive right over to prosecute the crime committed within the Indian country as the federal government has ceded its jurisdiction. Federal government ceded their prosecuting authority to states in these states. But it has created unfavorable situations as most states are reluctant and intransigence to cognize crime on Indian reservations seriously. Many state district attorneys are reluctant to exercise their limited resources on Indian crime. Thus, Public Law 280 has resulted in lawlessness in almost all Indian reservations. Ceding the federal authority over Indian territories to states has ended in a lacuna. It is painful to note that even if a state government has inherent authority in a particular Indian region, it sometimes lacks institutional strength to exercise authority in that region. Further, there exists always simmering tension between Indians and state governments. It is to be observed that since Worcester v.Georgia, states have no authority or very little authority over Indian country. The real reason for tension between tribal and state government is the criticism of action of state police department as they always rubbing on the wrong side of the tribal cultural practices. A study conducted by Carole Goldberg Ambrose[2] revealed that relationships between state and tribal are often got off to potholed and sometime unfeasible. Frequently, California tribal members complained that when state police tried to solve the tribal problems, they often failed as they were disrespectful to tribal sovereignty, lacked cultural compassion and always deployed excessive force. Further, if the alleged offence is a violation of generally applicable federal statutes like sedition and mail theft, the federal government is alone having exclusive jurisdiction to try the offence and natives are not exempted from such offence 2.5 OLIPHANT V. SUQUAMISH INDIAN TRIBE’- AN ANALYSIS: In, ‘Oliphant v. Suquamish Indian Tribe’ case, Supreme Court held   that as the tribal court lacks inherent jurisdiction to prosecute non-Indians for the felonies committed on Indian jurisdiction and recommended that it is the Congress to decide whether Indians tribes should finally be authorized to try non-Indians . Thus, Supreme Court decision may not be final and binding since Congress retains authority in exercise of its plenary power. Oliphant case centered around the incidents that happened on the Suquamish Reservation located near Port Madison, Washington. Indian tribes had waived all of their land claims in Washington state under the Treaty of Point Elliott which was signed in 1855 and accepted to settle on a 7300 –acre reservation located near Seattle. The tribes adopted a criminal code in 1973 and any infringement of tribal’s criminal code is prosecuted in the Suquamish Indian provisional Court. It is the claim of the tribes that they have jurisdiction to try non-Indians for any violation or infringement in their land. In support of their claim, they have displayed billboards in prominent places at the entrances to the Port Madison Reservation warning the public that entry onto the Reservation would be deemed implied consent to the criminal jurisdiction of the Suquamish tribal court and one may hilarious to note that Suquamish tribal specifically excluded non-Indians from serving on tribal court as juries. Supreme Court had placed the burden of proof on the tribe to substantiate its contention of jurisdiction. The tribe argued that its jurisdiction over non-Indians emerged involuntarily from the Tribe’s retained innate powers of government over the Port Madison Indian Reservation. Tribe has argued that flow of criminal jurisdiction is automatic over all persons on a reservation –Indian or non-Indian and is arising out of a ‘sine qua non ‘of tribal sovereignty. Supreme Court has rejected the argument of tribal claiming inherent jurisdiction on multiple grounds. Supreme Court concluded that Congress had positively expressed its intention not to grant Indian tribes the power to punish non-Indian after thoroughly examining the opinions of attorney generals, history of treaties, legislative history and district court decisions. Supreme Court once again asserted that Congress which is being law making authority is having sole discretion to decide whether the tribal can prosecute non-Indians for felonies in their land. In the Oliphant’s case, Justice Marshall joined by Chief Justice Burger took the opposite view as the Marshall believed that tribes processed the innate jurisdiction over non-Indians and that congressional action was necessary to strip off Indians of that jurisdiction. Oliphant decision was a major set back to Indian community claim of sovereignty in the following respect: It publicized that Indians were toothless to dissuade non-Indians from committing crimes against them. Tribes viewed that Supreme Court decision had indeed handcuffed their law enforcement activities. Tribes viewed the decision as a major blow on their powers to safeguard their own people. Decision culminated to an awkward situation to tribes by restricting their power to judge, prosecute or punish with tribal law and tribal courts, the non-Indians who commit felonies on tribal land. 2.6 DURO V.REINA- AN ANALYSIS: Duro v.Reina is a subsequent case after Oliphant. This case has further minimized the power of the tribal court to punish â€Å"outsiders â€Å", people who are not members of the tribe. Albert Duro was the member of one sect of Indian tribe namely Torres-Maritinez Band of Cahuilla Mission Indians. It was alleged that Duro killed a boy on the Salt River Indian reservation. Salt River Indian tribes attempted to prosecute Duro in their tribal court. The federal district court restrained the Salt River Prima –Maricopa Indian Tribe to prosecute Duro who belongs to Torres tribe. Thus, Supreme Court also concurred the federal district court view and held that Indian tribes did not have jurisdiction over Indians who were members of other Indian tribes. This made the Congress to exercise its plenary power and Supreme Court decision was amended or altered by the Congress through amendment U.S.C 1301 to authorize the tribal courts to exercise â€Å"criminal jurisdiction over all Indian and not just member of Indians. Critic’s view that Supreme Court had crushed the Indian rights is a bit of hypocritical as the Congress can always make use of its plenary power –a-type of legislative veto –to correct the intrinsic relationship as articulated by the Court. 2.7 ANALYSIS OF SURVEY OF U.S. JUSTICE DEPARTMENT: According to survey conducted by Justice Department of U.S., American Indians suffer from certain violent crimes like robbery, rape at a rate twice the national average. About 30,000 crimes of violence are committed against Indians each year. Native Indians complained that their attackers were under the influence of alcohol or meth at a greater than the national average. It is alarming to note that Indians were fatalities of interracial violence at a startling rate of 72% and 91% of sexual assaults against the tribal members. Further, offenders against Indian tribes were about 70% It is to be noted that a crime committed against an Indian by non-Indian which occurs outside of Indian country is subject to state jurisdiction and therefore is not reported in the above statistics. Thus, the above statistics reveal a disturbing picture of crimes against Indians and Indians face a disproportionately higher rate of violent crimes than any other races in U.S.A. For instance, Indian victims are reporting about 30,000 possible violent crimes to police each year and out of this, police could not solve more than 28,000 incidents or about 94% of the crimes reported remain uninvestigated or go unpunished. Further, Indians are also affected by the property crimes and victimless crimes committed by the non-Indians and these were not included in the above statistics since these were of civil nature.   The main reason for such alarming rates of criminal reports are being uninvestigated is mainly due to great distance between federal courts and tribes and overburdened law enforcing department. One of the allegations against Indian judiciary is that Indian courts do not bestow equal justice to non-Indians. For example, in Oliphant case, the Court took note of the fact that non-Indians were excluded from occupying juries’ role in Suquamish.   Thus, a doubt arises whether non-Indian constitutional right to be tried by an Indian jury could deliver unquestionable justice to the accused. The Indian Civil Rights Act of 1968 ensures basic due process protections to Indians who are tried in tribal courts and to ensure non-Indians offenders rights, the same process of protection can be extended to non-Indians. As such, non-Indians allegation that tribal courts are iniquitous may not hold good. 2.8 POSSIBLE SUGGESTIONS FOR AVOIDING OLIPHANT TYPE OF INCIDENTS IN FUTURE: Federal court is already overburdened with cases like violations under a]Patriotic Act , b]Money Laundering Act 3] RICO 4] Narcotic Offenses 5] Interstate Crimes 6] National Security Offenses 7] Stock Exchange Commission 8] Other type of Crimes .Whereas , offenses committed by non-Indian in tribal areas are of nature of minor offences like 1] reckless or speed driving 2] drunk driving 3] petty assault 4] petty theft 5] Vandalism 6] Littering   7] Parking Violations . Naturally federal prosecutors do not give more importance to these offenses and hence lion’s share of these offenses went unpunished. To instill confidence on tribal community, Congress should seriously think of creating exclusive federal courts which may be designated as â€Å"special courts â€Å" for prosecuting offenses committed on tribal by non-Indians in tribal areas.   For instance , in the District of North Dakota , Chief Judge Rodney Webb to address the problem faced   by Indians against felonies committed by non-Indians held meetings with the officials for their prosecution As per ICRA [Indian Civil Rights Act], Indian tribes may not impose any penalty or punishment which is longer than for a term of one year and a fine of $ 5000 or both. This clearly demonstrate that tribal courts have limited authority to try minor offenses like less serious felonies or misdemeanors there by leaving serious crimes to the federal government . Further, there is a misconception among non-Indians that tribal courts are not like Anglo-American tribunals. It is pertinent to note the remarks made by Justice Rehnquist in Oliphant that â€Å"some Indian trial court systems have become progressively much classy and resemble in many ways their state counter parts†. Hence, non-Indians should be properly educated and Congress should see that they are convinced by drafting a new legislation extending tribal courts power to prosecute non-Indians within the parameters designed by the Congress in this regard. One another remedy is to depute special law enforcement officer to investigate or prosecute the crime. A â€Å"special assistant district attorney â€Å"may be appointed to represent the district attorney for a particular case or a special investigating officer may be deputed to execute restricted law enforcement functions. Thus, the power to deputize is also known as a statutory grant. A statutory grant is having inherent power to specially deputize any higher officials. The deputization will be more advantageous as it would satisfy the interest of the all concerned including tribal and non-Indian offenders though the offenders will be punished under federal or state laws not under the tribal laws. CONCLUSION: De-facto immunity is being used as scapegoat by non-Indian offenders against Indians. It is really a shame that American judicial system is dissuading Indians to punish the non-Indian offenders who have committed felony in their lands under tribal criminal laws. It is real predicament that majority of the crimes against Indians by non-Indians escape punishment. The Oliphant v Suquamish Indian Tribe case is a severe blow to the Indian legitimate rights which Congress should come forward to redress. Congress should exercise its plenary power as it had done in Supreme Court decision in Duro v.Reina which was later amended or altered by the Congress through amendment U.S.C 1301 to authorize the tribal courts to exercise â€Å"criminal jurisdiction over all Indian and not just member of Indians. Further , to instill confidence on tribal community, Congress should seriously think of creating exclusive federal courts which may be designated as â€Å"special courts â€Å" for prosecuting offenses committed on tribal by non-Indians in tribal areas. One another remedy is to depute special law enforcement officer to investigate or prosecute the crime. The deputization will be more advantageous as it would satisfy the interest of the all concerned including tribal and non-Indian offenders though the offenders will be punished under federal or state laws not under the tribal laws. Deputization will assimilate all law enforcement agencies together to work unitedly.   Deputization is the need of the hour as it will bring all the parties involved under a single umbrella within the current jurisdictional. Further, as in the case of military courts which do not have jurisdiction to prosecute the civilians who have infringed military’s interest and in such cases, â€Å"special assistant United States attorneys† [SAUSA’s] have the authority to prosecute such violators who have committed crimes against military personnel and property. The same strategy can be followed in the tribal cases also. Thus, the department should authorize Indian prosecutors to sue in the federal courts for the crimes committed by the non-Indians within Indian country. BIBILIOGRAPHY Chiu, Elaine M. Culture as Justification, Not Excuse. American Criminal Law Review 43, no. 4 (2006): 1317+. Christofferson, Carla. Tribal Courts Failure to Protect Native American Women: A Reevaluation of the Indian Civil Rights Act. Yale Law Journal 101, no. 1 (1991): 169-185. Dutton, Bertha P. American Indians of the Southwest. Revised ed. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1983. French, Laurence Armand. Addictions and Native Americans. Westport, CT: Praeger Publishers, 2000. Griffiths, Curt Taylor. Natives and Criminal Justice Policy: the Case of Native Policing. Canadian Journal of Criminology 26, no. 2 (1984): 147-160. Henderson, Dwight F. Congress, Courts, and Criminals: The Development of Federal Criminal Law, 1801-1829. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1985. Johansen, Bruce Elliott, ed. The Encyclopedia of Native American Legal Tradition. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1998. La Prairie, Carol. Aboriginal Over-Representation in the Criminal Justice System: A Tale of Nine Cities. Canadian Journal of Criminology 44, no. 2 (2002): 181+. Lawson, Paul E. 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[1] â€Å"Indian Wants Jurisdiction to Combat Terrorism Threat â€Å", Washington Times, Jan 26, 2004. [2] Carole Goldberg –Ambrose, â€Å"Public Law 280 and the problem of Lawlessness in California Indian Country, 44 UCLA L.Rev. 1405 [1997].